Table 3.
Hazard ratio (95% CI) of incident coronary heart disease by types of fruits and vegetables in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study
| Quartile
|
P for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| Types of fruits | |||||
| Apples and pears | |||||
| Median intake, g/d* | 10.1 | 41.9 | 78.6 | 138.6 | |
| No. of cases | 58 | 33 | 28 | 29 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.77 (0.50, 1.18) | 0.67 (0.42, 1.07) | 0.77 (0.49, 1.24) | 0.23 |
| Model 2‡ | 1 | 0.83 (0.53, 1.28) | 0.76 (0.48, 1.21) | 0.92 (0.57, 1.48) | 0.65 |
| Bananas | |||||
| Median intake, g/d* | 0.2 | 3.3 | 11.3 | 37.9 | |
| No. of cases | 59 | 36 | 29 | 24 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.75 (0.49, 1.14) | 0.63 (0.40, 0.99) | 0.48 (0.30, 0.78) | 0.006 |
| Model 2‡ | 1 | 0.93 (0.60, 1.44) | 0.79 (0.49, 1.26) | 0.60 (0.37, 1.00) | 0.045 |
| Citrus fruit | |||||
| Median intake, g/d* | 1.5 | 11.0 | 22.4 | 46.8 | |
| No. of cases | 60 | 26 | 29 | 33 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.58 (0.36, 0.92) | 0.65 (0.41, 1.02) | 0.74 (0.48, 1.15) | 0.30 |
| Model 2‡ | 1 | 0.66 (0.41, 1.05) | 0.75 (0.48, 1.19) | 0.88 (0.56, 1.38) | 0.77 |
| Watermelon | |||||
| Median intake, g/d* | 23.2 | 72.5 | 124.5 | 212.1 | |
| No. of cases | 54 | 45 | 28 | 21 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 1.04 (0.70, 1.56) | 0.74 (0.46, 1.17) | 0.57 (0.34, 0.96) | 0.02 |
| Model 2‡ | 1 | 1.24 (0.82, 1.87) | 0.90 (0.56, 1.44) | 0.71 (0.42, 1.20) | 0.13 |
| Other fruits | |||||
| Median intake, g/d* | 1.5 | 12.2 | 32.0 | 86.6 | |
| No. of cases | 58 | 38 | 25 | 27 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.93 (0.61, 1.41) | 0.68 (0.42, 1.10) | 0.80 (0.50, 1.29) | 0.33 |
| Model 2‡ | 1 | 1.03 (0.68, 1.58) | 0.77 (0.48, 1.26) | 0.94 (0.58, 1.51) | 0.67 |
| Types of vegetables | |||||
| Cruciferous vegetables | |||||
| Median intake, g/d* | 32.9 | 65.6 | 98.4 | 155.9 | |
| No. of cases | 41 | 34 | 35 | 38 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.87 (0.55, 1.37) | 0.92 (0.58, 1.44) | 0.88 (0.56, 1.38) | 0.66 |
| Model 2‡ | 1 | 0.86 (0.55, 1.36) | 0.90 (0.57, 1.42) | 0.80 (0.51, 1.26) | 0.38 |
| Allium | |||||
| Median intake, g/d* | 1.9 | 4.2 | 7.2 | 15.0 | |
| No. of cases | 37 | 32 | 36 | 43 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.93 (0.58, 1.50) | 1.09 (0.69, 1.74) | 1.30 (0.83, 2.04) | 0.15 |
| Model 2‡ | 1 | 0.92 (0.57, 1.49) | 1.09 (0.69, 1.73) | 1.27 (0.81, 1.99) | 0.18 |
| Legumes | |||||
| Median intake, g/d* | 8.5 | 17.7 | 28.5 | 50.7 | |
| No. of cases | 45 | 32 | 37 | 34 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.83 (0.52, 1.30) | 0.90 (0.58, 1.39) | 0.72 (0.46, 1.13) | 0.19 |
| Model 2‡ | 1 | 0.80 (0.51, 1.26) | 0.88 (0.56, 1.36) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.09) | 0.15 |
| Other vegetables | |||||
| Median intake, g/d* | 59.6 | 104.3 | 153.5 | 244.0 | |
| No. of cases | 49 | 30 | 38 | 31 | |
| Model 1† | 1 | 0.81 (0.51, 1.29) | 1.12 (0.73, 1.74) | 0.97 (0.61, 1.56) | 0.84 |
| Model 2‡ | 1 | 0.80 (0.50, 1.26) | 1.06 (0.69, 1.65) | 0.86 (0.54, 1.38) | 0.75 |
*
Intake values were energy-adjusted using residual method.
†
Model was stratified by birth cohort (5-year intervals) and adjusted for baseline age, BMI, income, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, use of aspirin, vitamin E and multivitamin supplements, (in women only: menopause and hormone replacement therapy), total energy and intakes of red meat and fish/shellfish.
‡
Further adjusted for history of diabetes, hypertension or dyslipidemia.