Table 1.

Anthropometric, glucose tolerance, and heart rate variability measurements pre and post-training (16 wk aerobic exercise training) among either individuals with or without type 2 diabetes, classified retrospectively as either having low or high cardiovagal modulation (LCVM, HCVM).

		Type 2 Diabetes		Obese Non-Diabetes
		Low CVM	High CVM	Low CVM	High CVM
N		10	11	17	19
Male/Female		3/7	2/9	7/10	7/12
Age (yrs)		50 ± 5	48 ± 4	50 ± 6	48 ± 5
Anthropometrics
Weight (kg)	Pre	108.5 ± 26.0	106.0 ± 22.1	102.0 ± 13.5	99.8 ± 12.3
	Post	109.2 ± 25.8	103.9 ± 22.5*	101.2 ± 13.8	98.6 ± 12.6*
BMI (kg/m2)**	Pre	35.5 ± 6.3	39.4 ± 5.1	36.5 ± 4.5	35.0 ± 4.0
	Post	35.7 ± 6.4	38.6 ± 5.6*	36.2 ± 4.5	34.0 ± 5.0*
Waist (cm)	Pre	115.8 ± 12.0	124.8 ± 17.1	109.6 ± 12.6	109.3 ± 9.9
	Post	115.1 ± 12.6	118.2 ± 17.9*	108.2 ± 10.9	106.6 ± 9.2*
Body Fat (%)	Pre	37.7 ± 5.8	47.5 ± 6.0	42.6 ± 8.6	40.7 ± 8.1
	Post	37.8 ± 6.0	47.3 ± 6.8	42.1 ± 7.8	40.5 ± 8.3
Glucose Tolerance
Glucose AUC**(mmol/L/min)	Pre	2702 ± 674	2349 ± 744	1418 ± 186	1389 ± 164
	Post	2396 ± 600†	2382 ± 762	1370 ± 209	1378 ± 254
Whole-body Insulin Sensitivity	Pre	4.64 ± 3.1	3.45 ± 1.79	5.03 ± 3.12	5.27 ± 3.19
	Post	6.77 ± 4.30*	5.40 ± 3.24†	6.70 ± 3.70 *	4.71 ± 2.89
Heart Rate Variability
LFln	Pre	5.10 ± 1.20	4.71 ± 0.78	5.06 ± 0.77	5.26 ± 0.78
	Post	5.13 ± 1.04	4.82 ± 0.85	5.46 ± 0.76	5.36 ± 0.96
HFln	Pre	4.68 ± 1.66	5.63 ± 1.14	4.66 ± 0.96	6.20 ± 0.88
	Post	5.24 ± 0.87*	5.27 ± 1.48	5.44 ± 0.72*	6.27 ± 0.97
Peak Heart Rate
Heart rate (bpm)	Pre	174 ± 12	167 ± 7	172 ± 12	174 ± 14
	Post	171 ± 12	167 ± 9	170 ± 13	172 ± 12

Data are mean ± SD.

BMI = body mass index

ln = natural log transformation

bpm = beats per minute

^*p < 0.05, time effect (pre vs. post-training), within respective heart rate variability status

^**p<0.05, baseline differences between T2D and obese non-diabetic groups.

^†p < 0.05, time (pre vs. post-training) by group (T2D vs. obese non-diabetic) effect, within respective heart rate variability status.