Fig. 9.

a and b fluorescent micrograph of the sperms the sperms with normal DNA integrity are presented green fluorescent DNA (arrow) and the sperms with breaked double strand are marked with red fluorescent (head arrow). c Special staining for sperm viability; the dead sperms are presented with stained cytoplasm (head arrow) and the vital sperms are marked with unstained head (arrow) pieces in figure d. e Special staining for chromatin condensation; note the nucleuses of the sperms with condensed chromosome are stained lightly (arrow) and the sperms with uncondensed chromatin are marked with dense stained DNA (head arrow). a and b acridine-orange staining, b and c eosin-nigrosin staining and d aniline-blue staining, (×1000)