Table 2.
Age-adjusted characteristics at baseline by quintile of Inflammatory Dietary Pattern (IDP) scorea
| Quintile of IDP scoreb | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Q1 (n=8,202) | Q2 (n=8,840) | Q3 (n=8,955) | Q4 (n=9,006) | Q5 (n=8,682) | P Trend | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 63.4(6.7) | 63.5(6.9) | 62.9(6.9) | 62.2(7.1) | 60.9(7.1) | <.0001 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 24.7(4.1) | 25.5(4.3) | 26.1(4.6) | 26.8(5.1) | 27.9(5.8) | <.0001 |
| Physical activity, mean (SD), MET/wk | 22.0(19.2) | 19.3(17.1) | 18.1(16.4) | 16.8(15.5) | 15.7(15.2) | <.0001 |
| MHI scorec, mean (SD) | 83.4(9.8) | 83.2(9.8) | 82.9(9.8) | 82.6(9.9) | 81.9(10.0) | <.0001 |
| Total energy intake, mean (SD), Kcal/day | 1608(404) | 1608(392) | 1681(388) | 1801(388) | 2032(431) | <.0001 |
| Alcohol intake, mean (SD), g/day | 10.0(11.6) | 6.3(8.7) | 5.4(8.0) | 4.5(7.5) | 3.9(7.3) | <.0001 |
| Caffeine intaked, mean (SD), mg/day | 335(204) | 296(190) | 265(182) | 252(176) | 245(175) | <.0001 |
| Menopausal status, % | 0.05 | |||||
| Premenopause | 4.0 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 6.1 | |
| Menopause, current use HRT | 46.0 | 45.2 | 44.0 | 43.0 | 39.7 | |
| Menopause, past use HRT | 19.7 | 19.9 | 19.7 | 20.2 | 20.4 | |
| Menopause, never use HRT | 27.3 | 26.8 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 30.4 | |
| Menopause, unknown use HRT | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | |
| Smoking status, % | <.0001 | |||||
| Never smoker | 37.2 | 43.9 | 46.9 | 49.9 | 51.5 | |
| Past smoker 1–24 cig./d | 42.8 | 38.3 | 36.6 | 34.1 | 31.3 | |
| Past smoker ≥25 cig./day | 7.4 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.3 | |
| Current smoker 1–24 cig./day | 10.3 | 8.8 | 8.3 | 7.6 | 8.5 | |
| Current smoker ≥25 cig./day | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.7 | |
| Marital Status, % | 0.003 | |||||
| Married | 79.3 | 79.8 | 80.0 | 80.4 | 79.3 | |
| Widowed | 12.3 | 13.2 | 13.6 | 13.7 | 14.5 | |
| Separated/divorced/single | 8.3 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 5.8 | 6.1 | |
| Black/Amerindian/Hawaiian/Asian, % | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.4 | <.0001 |
| Bachelor/Master/Doctorate degree, % | 7.8 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 5.3 | 5.4 | <.0001 |
| Husband education <high school, % | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 2.4 | <.0001 |
| Retired, % | 48.6 | 49.4 | 50.0 | 49.6 | 49.7 | 0.08 |
| Cancer, % | 13.0 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 12.0 | 11.7 | 0.06 |
| High blood pressure, % | 32.4 | 36.0 | 39.3 | 42.6 | 46.9 | <.0001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 49.7 | 52.5 | 55.1 | 56.2 | 57.5 | <.0001 |
| Heart disease, % | 6.0 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 8.5 | 10.7 | <.0001 |
| Diabetes, % | 3.0 | 3.7 | 5.2 | 6.9 | 10.4 | <.0001 |
| Multivitamin use, % | 55.3 | 55.4 | 54.1 | 51.6 | 49.1 | <.0001 |
| Food intake, servings/day | ||||||
| Sugar-sweetened soft drinks | 0.1(.2) | 0.1(.2) | 0.2(.3) | 0.3(.3) | 0.5(.7) | <.0001 |
| Refined grains | 0.9(.5) | 1.0(.5) | 1.1(.6) | 1.4(.7) | 1.9(1.0) | <.0001 |
| Red meat | 0.4(.2) | 0.5(.2) | 0.5(.2) | 0.6(.3) | 0.8(.3) | <.0001 |
| Margarine | 0.5(.5) | 0.6(.5) | 0.8(.6) | 1.0(.7) | 1.4(1.0) | <.0001 |
| Diet soft drinks | 0.3(.5) | 0.4(.5) | 0.5(.6) | .6(.7) | 1.0(1.2) | <.0001 |
| Other vegetables | 0.9(.6) | 0.9(.5) | 0.9(.5) | 0.9(.5) | 1.0(.6) | <.0001 |
| Fish | 0.3(.2) | 0.3(.2) | 0.3(.2) | 0.3(.2) | 0.4(.3) | <.0001 |
| Wine | 0.3(.5) | 0.1(.2) | 0.1(.2) | 0.1(.1) | 0.1(.1) | <.0001 |
| Coffee | 3.1(1.7) | 2.6(1.5) | 2.2(1.5) | 2.0(1.4) | 1.7(1.5) | <.0001 |
| Olive oil | 0.4(.5) | 0.2(.2) | 0.1(.2) | 0.1(.2) | 0.1(.2) | <.0001 |
| Green, leafy vegetables | 1.1(.6) | 0.9(.5) | 0.8(.4) | 0.7(.4) | 0.7(.4) | <.0001 |
| Yellow vegetables | 0.6(.4) | 0.5(.3) | 0.4(.3) | 0.4(.3) | 0.4(.3) | <.0001 |
BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); HRT, hormone replacement therapy; IDP, inflammatory dietary pattern; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; MHI, Mental Health Index (a 5-item subscale of the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey).
All characteristics are age-standardized with the exception of age. Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding and missing data.
Computed as the cumulative average intake from 1984 to 2002 FFQs for the 39 food groups (see Methods section).
MHI score measured in 1996. A higher score denotes a better mental health.
Caffeine was calculated from coffee and non-coffee sources (tea, soft drink, chocolate).