Table 3.
Relative Risks (95% CI) of depression by quintile of Inflammatory Dietary Pattern (IDP) score, Nurses’ Health Study 1996–2008.
| Quintile of IDP score | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P for trend | |
| Strict definition of depression (diagnosis AND antidepressant use, nb. cases = 2,594) | ||||||
| No. of cases | 424 | 467 | 531 | 509 | 663 | |
| Person-years | 90,224 | 90,305 | 90,233 | 90,227 | 90,076 | |
| Age-adjusteda | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.94, 1.23) | 1.21 (1.07, 1.38) | 1.15 (1.01, 1.31) | 1.50 (1.33, 1.70) | <.001 |
| Multivariate modelb | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) | 1.16 (1.02, 1.32) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.23) | 1.37 (1.20, 1.57) | <.001 |
| + alcoholc | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.93, 1.22) | 1.20 (1.05, 1.36) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.28) | 1.43 (1.25, 1.65) | <.001 |
| + caffeined | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.93, 1.22) | 1.19 (1.04, 1.35) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.27) | 1.41 (1.22, 1.63) | <.001 |
| Broad definition of depression (diagnosis AND/OR antidepressant use, nb. cases = 6,446) | ||||||
| No. of cases | 1,085 | 1,175 | 1,307 | 1,325 | 1,554 | |
| Person-years | 89,426 | 89,450 | 89,309 | 89,266 | 89,038 | |
| Age-adjusteda | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.19 (1.10, 1.29) | 1.21 (1.12, 1.31) | 1.43 (1.32, 1.54) | <.001 |
| Multivariate modelb | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) | 1.13 (1.04, 1.23) | 1.31 (1.20, 1.43) | <.001 |
| + alcoholc | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) | 1.15 (1.06, 1.25) | 1.15 (1.05, 1.25) | 1.33 (1.22, 1.46) | <.001 |
| + caffeined | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 1.13 (1.04, 1.23) | 1.12 (1.03, 1.22) | 1.29 (1.18, 1.41) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: HRT, hormone replacement therapy; IDP, inflammatory dietary pattern; MHI-5, Mental Health Index score-5.
Adjusted for age (continuous) and interval.
Further adjusted for BMI (kg/m2), total energy intake (Kcal/day), smoking (never smoked, past smoker 1–24 cig./d, past smoker ≥25 cig./day, current smoker 1–24 cig./day, current smoker ≥25 cig./day), physical activity (quintiles), menopause status and HRT (postmenopause never use HRT, postmenopause past use HRT, postmenopause current use HRT, postmenopause unknown use HRT, premenopause), marital status (married/partnership, widowed, separated/divorced/single), retired (yes/no), education (registered nurses, bachelor/master/doctorate), husband education (<high school, ≥high school), ethnicity (White, Black/Amerindian/Hawaiian/Asian), multivitamin use (yes/no), reported diagnosis of cancer, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease (myocardial infarction or angina), and diabetes (all binary), and MHI-5 score at baseline (continuous).
Further adjusted for alcohol intake (g/day, continuous).
Further adjusted for caffeine intake (mg/day, continuous).