Table 3.

Within individual comparison of risk factor levels and costs before enrollment and 12 months after enrollment in the weight management programs

Characteristic	Total N=1,138		WMP N=153		Weight Watchers N=439		Walking Spree N=432		None N=114
	Difference post-pre	p-value	Difference post-pre	p-value	Difference post-pre	p-value	Difference post-pre	p-value	Difference post-pre	p-value
BMI (kg/m2)	−1.3	<0.0001	−4.1	<0.0001	−1.2	<0.0001	−0.4	<0.0001	−0.7	0.0099
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	−1	0.0093	−4	0.0017	−1	0.0641	0	0.8796	−1	0.5534
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	−1	0.0011	−4	<0.0001	−1	0.0292	0	0.7851	0	0.7207
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	1	0.0113	2	0.0367	0	0.4002	0	0.2646	1	0.0960
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	−3	<0.0001	−10	0.0003	−2	0.0589	−3	0.0125	0	0.9539
HbA1c (%)	−0.3	0.0055	−0.4	0.0445	−0.5	0.0126	−0.2	0.2713	0.2	0.6848
Fasting glucose (mg/dl)	−2	0.0188	−5	0.0066	−2	0.4355	0	0.7771	−5	0.0300
PMPM Cost*
Inpatient	15	0.3259	−32	0.5113	32	0.2064	15	0.5088	14	0.7719
Outpatient	−2	0.8370	−11	0.7696	−18	0.1899	7	0.7486	35	0.2084
Diagnostic testing	13	0.0874	−19	0.0213	19	0.2869	12	0.0032	36	0.1779
Laboratory testing	−2	0.0111	−1	0.3116	−2	0.0572	−2	0.1175	−1	0.6856
Emergency room	−1	0.7849	11	0.2314	−8	0.2638	−4	0.4342	23	0.0909
Pharmacy	−1	0.7816	−4	0.7913	−3	0.5980	2	0.7243	−4	0.5427
Other	36	<0.0001	95	<0.0001	44	<0.0001	17	<0.0001	−2	0.6489
Total	58	0.0209	38	0.6154	63	0.0961	49	0.2344	100	0.2397

WMP = University of Michigan Weight Management Program

PMPM = per-member per-month

^*includes both plan and member costs