Table 3.
Cyclooxygenase-independent molecular targets of NSAIDs and their metabolites.
| Sulindac | Sulindac sulfide | Sulindacsulfone | Celecoxib | Aspirin | Salicylate | Indomethacin | R-etodolac | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COX-1 | - | x | - | - | x | - | x | - | |
| COX-2 | - | x | - | x | x | - | x | - | |
| COX-independent targets | |||||||||
| cGMPPDE | - | x | x | x | - | - | - | - | (65, 71, 72, 114) |
| PPARγ | - | - | - | - | - | - | x | - | (78) |
| PPARδ | - | x | - | - | - | - | x | - | (80) |
| RXRα | - | x | - | - | - | - | - | x | (81, 82) |
| IKKβ | x | - | - | - | x | x | - | - | (74, 75) |
| SERCA | - | x | - | x | - | - | - | - | (74, 87) |
| CA IX/XII | - | - | - | x | - | - | - | - | (83, 115) |
| Sp1 | - | - | - | x | - | - | - | - | (91) |
| AMPK | - | - | - | - | x | x | - | - | (76, 77) |
| Gene expression | |||||||||
| NAG-1 | - | x | x | - | x | x | x | - | (95, 97) |
| 15-Lox-1 | - | - | x | - | - | - | - | - | (116) |
Table adapted from Gurpinar et al., Frontiers in Oncology, 2013 (106).