Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anesthesiology. 2014 Feb;120(2):482–503. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000101

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Mechanisms of electroacupuncture inhibition of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Symbols + and − respectively represent enhancement and inhibition. 5-HT1AR = 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors; ACC = anterior cingulated cortex; ATF-2 = activating transcription factor-2;CB2R = Cannabinoid 2 receptor; CORT = corticosterone; COX-2 = cyclooxygenase-2; EAA = excitatory amino acid; GABA = γ-aminobutyric acid; ICAM-1 = intracellular adhesion molecule-1; IL-6 = interleukin-6; IL-1β = interleukin-1beta; LC = locus coeruleus; N/OFQ = nociceptin/orphanin FQ; NE = norepinephrine; NMDAR = n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor; NRM = nucleus raphe magnus; PAG = periaqueductal grey; p-Akt = phosphorylated Akt; PGE2 = prostaglandin E2; pGluN1 = phosphorylated GluN1; SP = substance P; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α.