Table 2.
Overview of the role of positron emission tomography and positron emission tomography/computed tomography with 68Ga-radiolabeled somatostatin analogues in tumors other than gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
| Reference | Tumor type | Method | Purpose | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hofmann et al. 2001 [15] | Bronchial carcinoid (n = 2) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET | Mts detection | Overall sensitivity = 100%* |
|
| ||||
| Koukouraki et al. 2006 [40] | Paraganglioma (n = 1); pulmonary carcinoid (n = 2); thymic carcinoid (n = 1); MTC (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET (dynamic) | Evaluation of pharmacokinetics | Detection rate = 3/4 in paraganglioma = 5/5 in lung carcinoid = 3/3 in thymus carcinoid = 3/6 in MTC |
|
| ||||
| Koukouraki et al. 2006 [67] | Paraganglioma (n = 1); pulmonary carcinoid (n = 2); thymic carcinoid (n = 2); MTC (n = 1); Merkel cell carcinoma (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET (dynamic) | Evaluation of pharmacokinetics | Detection rate = 97%* |
|
| ||||
| Gabriel et al. 2007 [41] | Paraganglioma (n = 3); bronchial carcinoid (n = 6); prostate NET (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET | Staging/follow-up | Overall sensitivity = 97%* |
|
| ||||
| Fanti et al. 2008 [31] | Paraganglioma (n = 3); prostate NET (n = 3); lymphoma (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT | Restaging/treatment planning | Positive in 4/7 cases |
|
| ||||
| Ambrosini et al. 2010 [48] | Paraganglioma (n = 5); lung carcinoid (n = 44); Merkel cell carcinoma (n = 1); prostate NET (n = 2); melanoma (n = 1); thymic cancer (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT | Bone mts detection | Overall sensitivity = 100%* |
|
| ||||
| Haug et al. 2010 [50] | Paraganglioma (n = 1); lung NET (n = 4) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | Outcome prediction | Decreased 68Ga-DOTATATE uptake in tumor after the first cycle of PRRT predicted time to progression and correlated with an improvement in clinical symptoms |
|
| ||||
| Naji et al. 2011 [33] | Paraganglioma (n = 4); phaeochromocytoma (n = 7); MTC (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET or PET/CT | Staging/restaging | Positive in 10/12 cases |
|
| ||||
| Maurice et al. 2012 [37] | Paraganglioma (n = 6); phaeochromocytoma (n = 9) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | Diagnosis/follow-up | Overall sensitivity = 80%* |
|
| ||||
| Mittal et al. 2013 [32] | Paraganglioma (n = 3); phaeochromocytoma (n = 2); neuroblastoma (n = 8); DTC (n = 5); thymic carcinoid (n = 1); mesenchymal tumor (n = 8) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | Staging/re-staging/treatment response assessment | Positive in 20/27 cases |
|
| ||||
| Sharma et al. 2013 [38] | Paraganglioma (n = 26) | 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT | Staging | All positive |
|
| ||||
| Win et al. 2006 [34] | Phaeochromocytoma (n = 5) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET | Staging/re-staging | Positive in 4/5 cases |
|
| ||||
| Win et al. 2007 [35] | Phaeochromocytoma (n = 5) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET | Staging/re-staging | Positive in 4/5 cases |
|
| ||||
| Kroiss et al. 2011 [36] | Phaeochromocytoma (n = 6); neuroblastoma (n = 5) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | PRRT selection | Sensitivity = 92% for phaeochromocytoma = 97% for neuroblastoma |
|
| ||||
| Hofman et al. 2012 [39] | Phaeochromocytoma (n = 4); mesenchymal tumor (n = 2) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | Staging | High/moderate management impact = 57% |
|
| ||||
| Miederer et al. 2009 [66] | Lung carcinoid (n = 1); MTC (n = 2); thymoma (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | Detection | Correlation between immunochemistry-SSTR2 score and SUV* |
|
| ||||
| Ambrosini et al. 2009 [42] | Bronchial carcinoid (n = 11) | 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT | Staging | Change in clinical management = 33% |
|
| ||||
| Kayani et al. 2009 [43] | Typical carcinoid (n = 11); atypical carcinoid (n = 2); large cell neuroendocrine tumor (n = 1); small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 1); NSCLC with neuroendocrine differentiation (n = 1); diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (n = 2) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | Staging/re-staging | Positive in 16/18 cases |
|
| ||||
| Kumar et al. 2009 [44] | Bronchial carcinoid tumor (n = 3); inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (n = 1); mucoepidermoid carcinoma (n = 1); hamartoma (n = 1); synovial cell sarcoma (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | Bronchial mass detection | Positive in 4/7 cases |
|
| ||||
| Putzer et al. 2009 [49] | Lung NET (n = 5); prostate NET (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET | Mts detection | Overall sensitivity = 97%* |
|
| ||||
| Jindal et al. 2010 [46] | Pulmonary carcinoid (n = 20) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | Staging | Detection rate = 95% |
|
| ||||
| Jindal et al. 2011 [45] | Pulmonary carcinoid (n = 20) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | Staging | Detection rate = 100% for typical carcinoid = 86% for atypical carcinoid |
|
| ||||
| Putzer et al. 2013 [47] | Lung NET (n = 4); SCLC (n = 7); bronchial carcinoid (n = 3); MTC (n = 8) | 68Ga-DOTALAN versus 68Ga-DOTATOC PET | Detection/staging | Overall sensitivity = 63% for 68Ga-DOTALAN PET* = 78% for 68Ga-DOTATOC PET* |
|
| ||||
| Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss et al. 2006 [51] | NSCLC (n = 9) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET (dynamic) | Staging/re-staging | Detection rate = 7/9 primary site = 0/8 mts |
|
| ||||
| Sollini et al. 2013 [52] | SCLC (n = 24) | 68Ga-DOTATOC/DOTATATE PET/CT | PRRT selection | Positive in 20/24 cases |
|
| ||||
| Heute et al. 2010 [54] | Glioblastoma (n = 3) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET | PRRT selection | All positive |
|
| ||||
| Waitz et al. 2011 [53] | Glioma (n = 33); medulloblastoma (n = 2); anaplastic astrocytoma (n = 1); glioblastoma (n = 13); meningioma (n = 22) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET | PRRT selection | Positive in 39/41 cases |
|
| ||||
| Gains et al. 2011 [55] | Neuroblastoma (n = 8) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | PRRT selection | Positive in 6/8 cases |
|
| ||||
| Henze et al. 2001 [61] | Meningioma (n = 3) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET (dynamic) | Evaluation of pharmacokinetics | All positive |
|
| ||||
| Henze et al. 2005 [62] | Meningioma (n = 21) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET (dynamic) | Evaluation of pharmacokinetics before EBRT | Higher 68Ga-DOTATOC uptake in meningioma compared to reference tissue |
|
| ||||
| Milker-Zabel et al. 2006 [57] | Meningioma (n = 26) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET | EBRT planning | Change in planning target volume = 73% |
|
| ||||
| Gehler et al. 2009 [58] | Meningioma (n = 26) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | EBRT planning | Change in clinical target volume = 54% |
|
| ||||
| Nyuyki et al. 2010 [59] | Meningioma (n = 42) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | EBRT planning | Change in gross tumor volume = 93% |
|
| ||||
| Afshar-Oromieh et al. 2012 [56] | Meningioma (n = 134) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | Staging/re-staging | Detection rate = 100% |
|
| ||||
| Graf et al. 2012 [60] | Meningioma (n = 16) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | EBRT planning | All positive |
|
| ||||
| Hänscheid et al. 2012 [63] | Meningioma (n = 11) | 68Ga-DOTATOC/DOTATATE PET | Prediction PRRT radionuclide retention | Significant correlations between SUVmax and the therapeutic uptake, SUVmax and the maximum voxel dose from PRRT |
|
| ||||
| Conry et al. 2010 [64] | MTC (n = 18) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | Recurrence/mts detection | Positive in 13/18 cases |
|
| ||||
| Treglia et al. 2012 [65] | MTC (n = 18) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | Recurrence/mts detection | Positive in 6/18 cases |
|
| ||||
| Middendorp et al. 2010 [68] | DTC (n = 17) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | Recurrence/mts detection | Detection rate = 31% for radioiodine-negative lesions = 46% for radioiodine positive lesions |
|
| ||||
| Gabriel et al. 2010 [69] | DTC (n = 6) | 68Ga-DOTALAN/DOTATOC PET | PRRT selection | NA |
|
| ||||
| Versari et al. 2013 [70] | DTC (n = 41) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | PRRT selection | Positive in 24/41 cases |
|
| ||||
| Haug et al. 2012 [80] | DTC (n = 3); colorectal cancer (n = 1); lymphoma (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | Recurrence detection | Overall sensitivity = 90%* |
|
| ||||
| Schneider et al. 2012 [74] | Merkel cell carcinoma (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | Staging | Positive |
|
| ||||
| Schmidt et al. 2012 [75] | Merkel cell carcinoma (n = 2) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | PRRT selection | Both positive |
|
| ||||
| Salavati et al. 2012 [76] | Merkel cell carcinoma (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | PRRT selection | Positive |
|
| ||||
| Epstude et al. 2013 [77] | Merkel cell carcinoma (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | PRRT selection | Positive |
|
| ||||
| Desai et al. 2011 [81] | Colorectal cancer (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET | Detection | Positive |
|
| ||||
| Elgeti et al. 2008 [78] | Breast cancer (n = 2) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | Detection | Both positive |
|
| ||||
| Souvatzoglou et al. 2009 [83] | Prostate cancer (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | Staging | Positive |
|
| ||||
| Luboldt et al. 2010 [84] | Prostate cancer (n = 20) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | Bone mts detection | Detection rate = 30% |
|
| ||||
| Alonso et al. 2011 [85] | Prostate cancer (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | Mts detection | Positive |
|
| ||||
| Brogsitter et al. 2013 [82] | Melanoma (n = 18) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | Staging/re-staging | Positive in 11/18 cases |
|
| ||||
| Vasamiliette et al. 2009 [71] | Thymoma (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET | PRRT selection | Positive only in primary tumor |
|
| ||||
| Dutta et al. 2010 [72] | Thymic carcinoid (n = 3) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT | Staging | All negative |
|
| ||||
| Froio et al. 2013 [73] | Thymic malignancy (n = 39) | 68Ga-DOTATOC/DOTATATE PET/CT | Staging/re-staging | Detection rate = 20% |
|
| ||||
| von Falck et al. 2008 [86] | Mesenchymal tumor (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT | Detection | Positive |
|
| ||||
| Woff et al. 2010 [87] | Mesenchymal tumor (n = 1) | 68Ga-DOTATOC PET | Detection | Positive |
|
| ||||
| Clifton-Bligh et al. 2013 [88] | Mesenchymal tumor (n = 6) | 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT | Detection | All positive |
PET: positron emission tomography; PET/CT: positron emission tomography/computed tomography; Mts: metastases; MTC: medullary thyroid cancer; NET: neuroendocrine tumor; PRRT: peptide radioreceptor therapy; DTC: differentiated thyroid cancer; NA: not available; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; SCLC: small cell lung cancer; EBRT: external beam radiotherapy.
*Overall results (no specific results for each tumor type).