Table 4.

Linear multilevel model analyses on changes in pain and opioid use on subsample^a across visits.

	At Consult	1st Follow-up	6-9 Months
Usual Pain Intensity
Non-Smokers
N	356	211	84
Mean (SD)	5.36 (2.23)	4.35 (2.24)	4.01 (1.99)
Smokers
N	83	59	23
Mean (SD)	6.24 (2.07)	5.02 (2.25)	4.76 (2.52)
LMM Results
Effect	Est. ± SE	t-value (df)	p-value
Intercept	5.61 ± 0.17	33.2 (190)	<0.001
Smoking Status	0.70 ± 0.30	2.34 (190)	0.02
Visits	−0.95 ± 0.11	−8.46 (263)	<0.001
Opioid Useb
Non-Smokers
N	279	165	67
Mean (SD)	108.21 (142.96)	114.06 (110.61)	117.79 (122.55)
Smokers
N	63	48	18
Mean (SD)	127.05 (139.89)	110.00 (110.22)	200.18 (196.36)
LMM Result
Effect	Est. ± SE	t-value (df)	p-value
Intercept	109.78 ± 11.51	9.54 (190)	<0.001
Smoking Status	17.84 ± 18.91	0.94 (190)	0.35
Visits	9.80 ± 8.19	1.20 (254)	0.23

^aSubsample descriptives are as follows: For Usual Pain Score (All patients combined) 86 had complete data at all three time points 249 had complete data at time points 1 and 2 90 had complete data at time points 2 and 3 101 had complete data at time points 1 and 3 For Opioid use (All patients combined) 66 had complete data at all three time points 198 had complete data at time points 1 and 2 73had complete data at time points 2 and 3 74had complete data at time points 1 and 3

^bOpioid use is in MEDD mg. At time of consult, opioid use is based on amount of opioids patients report using on an average day in past week. At subsequent time points, opioid use is based on amount of opioids prescribed.