Table 4.
Unadjusted and adjusted relations of high carbohydrate intake with PWV in study population and control subjects
| |
Univariate model |
Multivariate model
1
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
All subjects included (n = 457)
|
All subjects included (n = 457)
|
CVD/ risk equivalent (n = 364)
|
Healthy controls (n = 93)
|
||||
| β (95% CI) | p-value | β (95% CI) | p-value | β (95% CI) | p-value | β (95% CI) | p-value | |
|
Age |
6.61 (5.39 to 7.83) |
<0.001* |
6.68 (5.42 to 7.94) |
<0.001* |
6.27 (4.93 to 7.61) |
<0.001* |
9.88 (5.77 to 13.99) |
<0.001* |
|
Male |
28.08 (1.17 to 55.00) |
0.041 |
33.38 (8.40 to 58.36) |
0.009* |
23.55 (-4.46 to 51.56) |
0.099 |
67.87 (10.17 to 125.58) |
0.022* |
|
Diabetes mellitus |
18.81 (-8.19 to 45.80) |
0.172 |
46.34 (18.93 to 73.76) |
0.001* |
43.18 (15.22 to 71.14) |
0.003* |
150.75 (-88.20 to 389.71) |
0.212 |
|
Hypertension |
69.97 (44.07 to 95.87) |
<0.001* |
53.52 (27.82 to 79.21) |
<0.001* |
58.61 (30.39 to 86.83) |
<0.001* |
22.69 (-45.87 to 91.25) |
0.511 |
|
Hyperlipidaemia |
13.60 (-13.88 to 41.08) |
0.331 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past or current smokers |
49.39 (-67.71 to 166.48) |
0.401 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BMI |
-1.14 (-5.07 to 2.79) |
0.569 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medications |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Beta-blocker |
22.17 (-5.02 to 49.36) |
0.110 |
-0.90 (-27.55 to 25.75) |
0.95 |
0.29 (-27.35 to 27.92) |
0.984 |
-17.61 (-130.81 to 95.60) |
0.757 |
|
ACEI/ARB |
19.31 (-29.41 to 68.03) |
0.436 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Statin |
6.17 (-20.43 to 32.76) |
0.649 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dietary energy intake |
0.003 (-0.015 to 0.020) |
0.769 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Saturated fatty acid |
-2.31 (-4.84 to 0.22) |
0.074 |
-0.58 (-3.03 to 1.87) |
0.643 |
0.47 (-2.42 to 3.35) |
0.750 |
-3.39 (-8.07 to 1.28) |
0.151 |
|
PUFA |
-2.12 (-6.71 to 2.47) |
0.364 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MUFA |
-4.97 (-2.33 to 1.33) |
0.594 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fiber |
-0.103 (-2.28 to 2.07) |
0.926 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CVD/risk equivalent
3
|
22.68 (-9.90 to 55.26) |
0.172 |
-51.81 (-90.32 to -13.30) |
0.008* |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| High carbohydrate diet (≧60%) | 50.52 (-6.03 to 107.07) | 0.080 | 52.46 (-3.09 to 108.01) | 0.064 | 73.50 (10.81 to 136.19) Full Model Estimate2: 231.39 (87.19 to 375.58) | 0.022* 0.003* | -28.52 (-147.83 to 90.80) | 0.634 |
CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, body-mass index; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid; PWV, pulse wave velocity.
1Multivariate Model, adjusted for potential confounders with p-value <0.20 based on univariate analysis.
2Full Model – Entered and adjusted for all independent variables.
3CVD/Risk Equivalent – included coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, and type II diabetes mellitus without prior coronary artery disease/ischemic stroke.
*p-value<0.05.