Table 1.

Examples of nanoparticle platforms for brain tumors

Material	Particle Type	Structure Formed	Size	Main component	Main Applications	Phase of development	Ref.
Organic	Liposomes	Colloid vesicular strucutre	10nm–1000 nm	Lipid	Drug carrier	Phase I, II Clinical Trials	[63]
	Micelles	Nanosphere; cylinder	20nm–200 nm	Polymer	Drug carrier	Preclinical	[64]
	Polymeric nanoparticles	Nanosphere; nanocapsules	10nm–1000 nm	Polymer	Drug carrier	Preclinical	[59]
	Dendrimers	Branch	> 5 nm	poly(amidoamine)	Drug carrier	Preclinical	[62]
Inorganic	Gold nanoparticles	Nanosphere; nanorod; nanoshell	1nm–100nm	Gold	Drug carrier; photothermal therapy; photoacoustic imaging	Preclinical	[58,71]
	Iron oxide nanoparticle	Nanosphere	10nm–50nm	Iron oxide	Drug carrier; magnetic hyperthermia; MRI	Phase I, II Clinical Trials	[57,60]
	Ferromagnetic discs	Microdisk	lµm	Iron, nickel	Magnomechanical stimulation	Preclinical	[61]
	Ceramic nanoparticle	Nanosphere	20nm–100nm	Silica	Drug carrier	Preclinical	[235]
	Quantum dots	Nanosphere; nanorod	2–20nm	Cadmium selenide	Fluorescence imaging	Preclinical	[66]
	Titanium dioxide nanocrystals	Sphere	5 nm	Titanium dioxide	Photodynamic therapy	Preclinical	[67]
Hybrid	More than one type of nanomaterials	Barge or tanker	Range depends on materials selected	Core-metallic and polymeric; corona-single or multiple lipid layers	Theranostics	Preclinical	[168]