Table 1.
Demographic, behavioural and psychopathological characteristics of study participant in the three treatment centres (n; %)
| Clinics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinic 1 | Clinic 2 | Clinic 3 | Total | p-value | |
| n =17 | n=30 | n=48 | n=95 | ||
| Mean Age (SD) | 21.7 (3.5) | 23.2 (3.0) | 23.4 (2.6) | 23.0 (2.9) | 0.111† |
| Gender Male | 16 (94.1) | 24 (80.0) | 45 (93.8) | 85 (89.5) | 0.151†† |
| Racially Classified Social Group | |||||
| White | 3 (17.7) | 1 (3.3) | 0 | 4 (4.2) | 0.066†† |
| Coloured | 13 (76.5) | 27 (90.0) | 44 (91.7) | 84 (88.4) | |
| Indian | 1 (5.9) | 2 (6.7) | 4 (8.3) | 7 (7.4) | |
| Religion | |||||
| Muslim | 2 (11.8) | 27 (90.0) | 36 (75.0) | 65 (68.4) | <0.001†† |
| Christian | 15 (88.2) | 3 (10.0) | 11 (22.9) | 29 (30.5) | |
| None | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.1) | ||
| Highest educational level | |||||
| Primary school | 1 (5.9) | 0 | 2 (4.2) | 3 (3.2) | 0.176†† |
| Secondary school | 16 (94.1) | 24 (80.0) | 42 (87.5) | 82 (86.3) | |
| Tertiary | 0 | 6 (20.0) | 4 (8.3) | 10 (10.5) | |
| Referral source | |||||
| Self | 10 (58.8) | 18 (60.0) | 30 (62.5) | 58 (61.1) | 0.250†† |
| Family | 3 (17.6) | 11 (36.7) | 13 (27.1) | 27 (28.4) | |
| Other | 4 (23.5) | 1 (3.3) | 5 (10.4) | 10 (10.5) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Never married | 15 (88.2) | 22 (73.3) | 37 (77.1) | 74 (77.9) | 0.488†† |
| Other | 2 (11.8) | 8 (25.7) | 11 (22.9) | 21 (22.1) | |
| Living arrangements | |||||
| Live alone | 0 | 0 | 2 (4.2) | 2 (2.1) | 0.819†† |
| Live with immediate family | 16 (94.1) | 29 (96.7) | 42 (87.5) | 87 (91.6) | |
| Other | 1 (5.9) | 1 (3.3) | 4 (8.3) | 6 (6.3) | |
| Employment status | |||||
| Unemployed | 7 (41.2) | 18 (60.0) | 27 (56.3) | 52 (54.7) | 0.186†† |
| Casually employed | 1 (5.9) | 2 (6.7) | 4 (8.3) | 7 (7.4) | |
| Permanently employed | 7 (41.2) | 7 (23.3) | 17 (35.4) | 31 (32.6) | |
| Other | 2 (11.8) | 3 (10.0) | 0 | 5 (5.3) | |
| Usual employment | |||||
| Professional | 0 | 0 | 1 (2.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0.635†† |
| Skilled | 6 (35.3) | 10 (33.3) | 18 (37.5) | 34 (35.8) | |
| Unskilled | 4 (23.5) | 10 (33.3) | 16 (33.3) | 30 (31.6) | |
| None/student/scholar | 7 (41.2) | 8 (26.7) | 8 (16.7) | 23 (24.2) | |
| Other | 0 | 2 (6.7) | 5 (10.4) | 7 (7.4) | |
| Age of first substance use (years) | |||||
| 10 – 14 | 13 (76.5) | 13 (43.3) | 23 (47.9) | 49 (51.6) | 0.127† |
| 15 – 17 | 3 (17.6) | 11 (36.7) | 18 (37.5) | 32 (33.7) | |
| 18 – 20 | 0 | 5 (16.7) | 7 (14.6) | 12 (12.6) | |
| 21 – 24 | 1 (5.9) | 1 (3.3) | 0 | 2 (2.1) | |
| Mean (SD) | 13.6 (2.4) | 15.1 (2.6) | 14.8 (2.3) | 14.7 (2.4) | |
| First substance of use | |||||
| Alcohol | 4 (23.5) | 0 | 3 (6.3) | 7 (7.4) | 0.163†† |
| Cannabis | 8 (47.1) | 16 (53.3) | 25 (52.1) | 49 (51.6) | |
| Ecstasy | 0 | 5 (16.7) | 4 (8.3) | 9 (9.5) | |
| Heroin | 1 (5.9) | 2 (6.7) | 3 (6.3) | 6 (6.3) | |
| Methaqualone (mandrax) | 0 | 2 (6.7) | 0 | 2 (2.1) | |
| Crystal methamphetamine (tik) | 4 (23.5) | 3 (10.0) | 10 (20.8) | 17 (17.9) | |
| Multiple | 0 | 2 (6.7) | 3 (6.3) | 5 (5.3) | |
| Primary substance of use | <0.001†† | ||||
| Alcohol | 3 (17.6) | 0 | 0 | 3 (3.2) | |
| Cannabis | 4 (23.5) | 0 | 1 (2.1) | 5 (5.3) | |
| Heroin | 2 (11.8) | 20 (66.7) | 29 (60.4) | 51 (53.7) | |
| Crystal methamphetamine (tik) | 7 (41.2) | 8 (26.7) | 17 (35.4) | 32 (33.7) | |
| Methaqualone (mandrax) | 0 | 1 (3.3) | 0 | 1 (1.1) | |
| Multiple | 1 (5.9) | 0 | 1 (2.1) | 2 (2.1) | |
| Frequency of use of primary substance | 0.844†† | ||||
| Daily | 15 (88.2) | 28 (93.3) | 43 (89.6) | 86 (90.5) | |
| Few times a week | 1 (5.9) | 2 (6.7) | 3 (6.3) | 6 (6.3) | |
| Sometimes | 1 (5.9) | 0 | 2 (4.2) | 3 (3.2) | |
| Intensity/Volume of primary substance use | 0.509†† | ||||
| As much as I can obtain | 11 (64.7) | 14 (46.7) | 31 (64.6) | 56 (58.9) | |
| As much as I can afford to buy | 6 (35.3) | 15 (50.0) | 16 (33.3) | 37 (38.9) | |
| Other | 0 | 1 (3.3) | 1 (2.1) | 2 (2.1) | |
| Previous treatment for substance use | 0.081†† | ||||
| None | 11 (64.7) | 12 (40.0) | 19 (39.6) | 42 (44.2) | |
| Once in past year | 3 (17.6) | 2 (6.7) | 8 (16.7) | 13 (13.7) | |
| More than once in past year | 0 | 5 (16.7) | 12 (25.0) | 17 (17.9) | |
| More than a year ago | 3 (17.6) | 11 (36.7) | 9 (18.8) | 23 (24.2) | |
| Age of first treatment for substance use (years) | 0.139†† | ||||
| 10 – 14 | 1 (16.7) | 2 (11.1) | 0 | 3 (5.7) | |
| 15 – 17 | 0 | 4 (22.2) | 7 (24.1) | 11 (20.8) | |
| 18 – 20 | 5 (83.3) | 7 (38.9) | 13 (44.8) | 25 (47.2) | |
| 21 – 24 | 0 | 3 (16.7) | 9 (31.0) | 12 (22.6) | |
| >24 | 0 | 2 (11.1) | 0 | 2 (3.8) | |
| Mean age of first treatment for substance use (SD) | 17.5 (3.3) | 18.9 (3.9) | 19.3 (2.6) | 19 (3.1) | 0.454† |
| Psychopathology | |||||
| No previous diagnosis of psychopathology | 15 (88.2) | 29 (96.7) | 47 (97.9) | 91 (95.8) | 0.298 |
| Generalised anxiety disorder | 3 (17.6) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (2.1) | 5 (5.3) | 0.059 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | 3 (17.6) | 5 (16.7) | 6 (12.5) | 14 (14.7) | 0.065 |
| Depression | 6 (35.3) | 9 (30.0) | 9 (18.8) | 24 (25.3) | 0.291 |
| Mania | 6 (35.3) | 1 (3.3) | 5 (10.4) | 12 (12.6) | 0.007 |
| Schizophrenia | 0 | 2 (6.7) | 0 | 2 (2.1) | 0.128 |
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | 2 (11.8) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (2.1) | 4 (4.2) | 0.298 |
| Eating disorder | 0 | 2 (6.7) | 2 (4.2) | 4 (4.2) | 0.656 |
| Separation anxiety | 1 (5.9) | 2 (6.7) | 2 (4.2) | 5 (5.3) | 0.848 |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 7 (41.2) | 10 (33.3) | 15 (31.1) | 32 (33.7) | 0.771 |
| Conduct disorder | 10 (58.8) | 18 (60.0) | 36 (75.0) | 64 (67.4) | 0.263 |
| Antisocial personality disorder | 14 (82.4) | 26 (86.7) | 43 (89.6) | 83 (87.4) | 0.657 |
| Pain disorder | 3 (17.7) | 4 (13.3) | 3 (6.3) | 10 (10.5) | 0.330 |
| Specific phobia | 4 (23.5) | 5 (16.7) | 6 (12.5) | 15 (15.8) | 0.565 |
| Substance dependence | 12 (70.6) | 29 (96.7) | 46 (95.8) | 87 (91.6) | 0.007 |
| Substance abuse | 4 (23.5) | 5 (16.7) | 6 (12.5) | 15 (15.8) | 0.606 |
†
Comparisons between clinics based on Kruskal-Wallis testing for age, and on chi-squared test for other sociodemographic variables
††
Fisher's Exact testing for expected frequencies <5