Table 1.
Characteristics of trials included in the analysis
| Source | Setting | Duration, months | Sample size | Mean (SD) age, years | Men, n (%) | T1D, n (%) | T2D, n (%) | More intensive intervention | Less intensive intervention | Percentage followed up | Primary or efficacy outcome* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ardron et al19 | Diabetes clinic, UK | 6 | 60 | 29 (7) | 29 (48) | 50 (83) | 10 (17) | Doctor's advice and information pack followed by a home visit by health visitor | Routine doctor's advice | 100 | Breath CO and urinary cotinine |
| Canga et al20 | 12 primary care practices and 2 hospitals, Spain | 6 | 280 | 55 (15) | 240 (86) | 85 (30) | 195 (70) | Research nurse interview with follow-up by telephone, post and visits; optional NRT | Usual care including advice to stop smoking | 99 | Smoking cessation assessed by urinary cotinine |
| Fowler et al17 | University hospital, Australia | 6 | 18 | 47 (9) | Not reported | 3† (17) | 15† (83) | In newly diagnosed diabetes; counselling (smokescreen programme) at diagnosis | Counselling (smokescreen programme) 2 months after diagnosis | 83 | Plasma cotinine |
| Fowler et al17 | University hospital, Australia | 6 | 16 | 53 (13) | Not reported | 9† (56) | 7† (44) | In pre-existing diabetes; counselling (smokescreen programme) | Diabetes-specific counselling | 88 | Plasma cotinine |
| Hokanson et al23 | Large diabetes centre, USA | 6 | 114 | 54 (9) | 65 (57) | – | 114 (100) | Face-to-face counselling followed by repeated telephone counselling and optional NRT or bupropion | Standard care including referral to cessation programmes | 63 | Self-reported 7-day point prevalence of smoking cessation confirmed by saliva cotinine |
| Ng et al22 | 2 diabetes clinics, Indonesia | 6 | 71 | 56 (9) | 71 (100) | – | 71 (100) | Doctor's advice and visual materials with referral to cessation clinic | Doctor's advice and visual materials | 79 | Self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence |
| Sawicki et al18 | Diabetes clinic, Germany | 6 | 89 | 38 (12) | 54 (61) | 72 (81) | 17 (19) | 10 weekly behavioural sessions by a therapist with optional NRT | A single unstructured session by a physician with optional NRT | 100 | Smoking cessation assessed by urine cotinine |
| Thankappan et al21 | 2 diabetes clinics, India | 6 | 224 | 53 (9) | 224 (100) | Not reported | Not reported | Doctor's advice, educational materials and three 30 min non-doctor counselling sessions | Doctor's advice and educational materials | 88 | Self-reported 7-day smoking abstinence |
* Primary outcome unless it was not specified in the article.
† Assumption on the type of diabetes was made on the basis of reported treatment with insulin.
CO, carbon monoxide; NRT, nicotine replacement therapy; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.