Table 1. Demographic characteristics, job demands, job resources, and work engagement among employees who participated in the study (N = 9,134).
| Demographic characteristics | Average (SD)† | n (%) |
| Gender | ||
| Men | 7,101 (77.7) | |
| Women | 2,033 (22.3) | |
| Age (years) | 40.6 (10.5) | |
| Education (years) | 14.3 (2.60) | |
| More than 12 years | 5,656 (61.9) | |
| 12 years or less | 3,478 (38.1) | |
| Number of family members | 2.95 (1.52) | |
| Occupation | ||
| Managers | 1,633 (17.9) | |
| Professionals | 1,303 (14.3) | |
| Technicians | 1,018 (11.1) | |
| Clerks | 1,303 (14.3) | |
| Service and sales workers | 496 (5.4) | |
| Craft and related trades workers | 567 (6.2) | |
| Machine operators and assemblers | 982 (10.8) | |
| Laborers | 766 (8.4) | |
| Others | 1,066 (11.7) | |
| Shift work | ||
| Day shift only | 7,439 (81.4) | |
| Shift work with night duty | 1,354 (14.8) | |
| Shift work without night duty | 212 (2.3) | |
| Night shift only | 129 (1.4) | |
| Scale scores ‡ | Average (SD) † | Cronbach’s α |
| Job demands (challenge) | ||
| Workload and time pressure (JCQ) | 32.8 (5.45) | 0.69 |
| Job demands (hindrance) | ||
| Role ambiguity (NIOSH-GJSQ) | 17.9 (5.85) | 0.87 |
| Job resources | ||
| Decision latitude (JCQ) | 66.5 (10.2) | 0.78 |
| Supervisor support (JCQ) | 11.1 (2.35) | 0.90 |
| Co-worker support (JCQ) | 11.4 (1.84) | 0.80 |
| Extrinsic reward (ERIQ) | 18.2 (2.97) | 0.74 |
| Work engagement (UWES-9) | 2.92 (0.95) | 0.93 |
†
Standard deviation.
‡
JCQ: Job Content Questionnaire; NIOSH-GJSQ: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Generic Job Stress Questionnaire; ERIQ: Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire; UWES: Utrecht Work Engagement Scale.