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. 2014 Mar 10;9(3):e91583. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091583

Table 3. Association of demographic characteristics, job demands, and job resources with work engagement: multilevel analysis with random intercept model (7,101 men and 2,033 women).

Variables Estimates (95% confidence interval)
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
Fixed effect (standardized coefficients: β)
Demographic characteristics
Gender −0.086 (−0.108, −0.063) −0.058 (−0.078, −0.037) −0.012 (−0.032, 0.007) −0.011 (−0.031, 0.008)
Age 0.071 (0.049, 0.095) 0.079 (0.058, 0.100) 0.178 (0.158, 0.198) 0.177 (0.157, 0.198)
Education 0.054 (0.030, 0.078) 0.043 (0.021, 0.064) 0.026 (0.006, 0.046) 0.026 (0.006, 0.046)
Number of family members 0.043 (0.022, 0.064) 0.027 (0.008, 0.046) 0.024 (0.006, 0.041) 0.023 (0.006, 0.040)
Occupation (reference = managers)
 Professionals −0.077 (−0.104, −0.050) −0.014 (−0.039, 0.011) 0.001 (−0.022, 0.024) 0.005 (−0.018, 0.028)
 Technicians −0.114 (−0.139, −0.089) −0.042 (−0.065, −0.020) −0.024 (−0.045, −0.003) −0.020 (−0.041, 0.001)
 Clerks −0.137 (−0.163, −0.110) −0.047 (−0.072, −0.023) 0.003 (−0.020, 0.026) 0.006 (−0.017, 0.029)
 Service and sales workers −0.061 (−0.084, −0.037) −0.017 (−0.038, 0.004) 0.016 (−0.004, 0.036) 0.018 (−0.001, 0.038)
 Craft and related trades workers −0.090 (−0.113, −0.067) −0.031 (−0.052, −0.010) 0.000 (−0.019, 0.020) 0.002 (−0.017, 0.022)
 Machine operators and assemblers −0.149 (−0.178, −0.120) −0.063 (−0.089, −0.037) 0.002 (−0.023, 0.026) 0.005 (−.020, 0.029)
 Laborers −0.121 (−0.146, −0.095) −0.045 (−0.068, −0.022) 0.023 (0.000, 0.045) 0.023 (0.003, 0.047)
 Others −0.115 (−0.140, −0.089) −0.038 (−0.061, −0.015) 0.012 (−0.010, 0.034) 0.015 (−0.007, 0.037)
 Shift work (reference = day shift only)
 Shift work with night duty −0.048 (−0.073, −0.022) −0.037 (−0.060, −0.015) 0.005 (−0.016, 0.026) 0.007 (−0.014, 0.029)
 Shift work without night duty −0.026 (−0.046, −0.005) −0.012 (−0.030, 0.006) −0.004 (−0.021, 0.013) −0.005 (−0.022, 0.012)
 Night shift only −0.028 (−0.048, −0.008) −0.028 (−0.046, −0.010) 0.001 (−0.015, 0.018) 0.001 (−0.016, 0.018)
Job demands §
Workload and time pressure 0.102 (0.084, 0.120) 0.093 (0.075, 0.111) 0.096 (0.078, 0.114)
Role ambiguity −0.429 (−0.447, −0.411) −0.242 (−0.262, −.222) −0.251 (−0.271, −0.231)
Job resources §
Decision latitude 0.201 (0.181, 0.222) 0.199 (0.178, 0.219)
Supervisor support 0.044 (0.024, 0.064) 0.044 (0.023, 0.065)
Co-worker support 0.094 (0.074, 0.113) 0.098 (0.078, 0.117)
Extrinsic reward 0.176 (0.155, 0.197) 0.172 (0.152, 0.193)
Interaction (job demands × job resources)
Workload and time pressure × decision latitude 0.013 (−0.004, 0.031)
Workload and time pressure × supervisor support 0.011 (−0.009, 0.031)
Workload and time pressure × co-worker support −0.022 (−0.041, −0.003)
Workload and time pressure × extrinsic reward 0.022 (0.002, 0.042)
Role ambiguity × decision latitude −0.007 (−0.026, 0.013)
Role ambiguity × supervisor support −0.006 (−0.029, 0.018)
Role ambiguity × co-worker support 0.003 (−0.018, 0.024)
Role ambiguity × extrinsic reward −0.038 (−0.060, −0.016)
Random effect (variance)
Individual (residual) (σe2) 0.899 (0.874, 0.926) 0.720 (0.699, 0.741) 0.632 (0.614, 0.651) 0.630 (0.612, 0.649)
Company (σu2) 0.057 (0.023, 0.142) 0.057 (0.023, 0.140) 0.062 (0.025, 0.150) 0.062 (0.025, 0.153)
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) 25083.447 23071.299 21920.016 21941.845

Men = 0, women = 1.

12 years or less = 0, more than 12 years = 1.

§

Each component of job demands and job resources was group-mean centered.