Table 3. Association of demographic characteristics, job demands, and job resources with work engagement: multilevel analysis with random intercept model (7,101 men and 2,033 women)†.
| Variables | Estimates (95% confidence interval) | |||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| Fixed effect (standardized coefficients: β) | ||||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Gender† | −0.086 (−0.108, −0.063) | −0.058 (−0.078, −0.037) | −0.012 (−0.032, 0.007) | −0.011 (−0.031, 0.008) |
| Age | 0.071 (0.049, 0.095) | 0.079 (0.058, 0.100) | 0.178 (0.158, 0.198) | 0.177 (0.157, 0.198) |
| Education‡ | 0.054 (0.030, 0.078) | 0.043 (0.021, 0.064) | 0.026 (0.006, 0.046) | 0.026 (0.006, 0.046) |
| Number of family members | 0.043 (0.022, 0.064) | 0.027 (0.008, 0.046) | 0.024 (0.006, 0.041) | 0.023 (0.006, 0.040) |
| Occupation (reference = managers) | ||||
| Professionals | −0.077 (−0.104, −0.050) | −0.014 (−0.039, 0.011) | 0.001 (−0.022, 0.024) | 0.005 (−0.018, 0.028) |
| Technicians | −0.114 (−0.139, −0.089) | −0.042 (−0.065, −0.020) | −0.024 (−0.045, −0.003) | −0.020 (−0.041, 0.001) |
| Clerks | −0.137 (−0.163, −0.110) | −0.047 (−0.072, −0.023) | 0.003 (−0.020, 0.026) | 0.006 (−0.017, 0.029) |
| Service and sales workers | −0.061 (−0.084, −0.037) | −0.017 (−0.038, 0.004) | 0.016 (−0.004, 0.036) | 0.018 (−0.001, 0.038) |
| Craft and related trades workers | −0.090 (−0.113, −0.067) | −0.031 (−0.052, −0.010) | 0.000 (−0.019, 0.020) | 0.002 (−0.017, 0.022) |
| Machine operators and assemblers | −0.149 (−0.178, −0.120) | −0.063 (−0.089, −0.037) | 0.002 (−0.023, 0.026) | 0.005 (−.020, 0.029) |
| Laborers | −0.121 (−0.146, −0.095) | −0.045 (−0.068, −0.022) | 0.023 (0.000, 0.045) | 0.023 (0.003, 0.047) |
| Others | −0.115 (−0.140, −0.089) | −0.038 (−0.061, −0.015) | 0.012 (−0.010, 0.034) | 0.015 (−0.007, 0.037) |
| Shift work (reference = day shift only) | ||||
| Shift work with night duty | −0.048 (−0.073, −0.022) | −0.037 (−0.060, −0.015) | 0.005 (−0.016, 0.026) | 0.007 (−0.014, 0.029) |
| Shift work without night duty | −0.026 (−0.046, −0.005) | −0.012 (−0.030, 0.006) | −0.004 (−0.021, 0.013) | −0.005 (−0.022, 0.012) |
| Night shift only | −0.028 (−0.048, −0.008) | −0.028 (−0.046, −0.010) | 0.001 (−0.015, 0.018) | 0.001 (−0.016, 0.018) |
| Job demands § | ||||
| Workload and time pressure | 0.102 (0.084, 0.120) | 0.093 (0.075, 0.111) | 0.096 (0.078, 0.114) | |
| Role ambiguity | −0.429 (−0.447, −0.411) | −0.242 (−0.262, −.222) | −0.251 (−0.271, −0.231) | |
| Job resources § | ||||
| Decision latitude | 0.201 (0.181, 0.222) | 0.199 (0.178, 0.219) | ||
| Supervisor support | 0.044 (0.024, 0.064) | 0.044 (0.023, 0.065) | ||
| Co-worker support | 0.094 (0.074, 0.113) | 0.098 (0.078, 0.117) | ||
| Extrinsic reward | 0.176 (0.155, 0.197) | 0.172 (0.152, 0.193) | ||
| Interaction (job demands × job resources) | ||||
| Workload and time pressure × decision latitude | 0.013 (−0.004, 0.031) | |||
| Workload and time pressure × supervisor support | 0.011 (−0.009, 0.031) | |||
| Workload and time pressure × co-worker support | −0.022 (−0.041, −0.003) | |||
| Workload and time pressure × extrinsic reward | 0.022 (0.002, 0.042) | |||
| Role ambiguity × decision latitude | −0.007 (−0.026, 0.013) | |||
| Role ambiguity × supervisor support | −0.006 (−0.029, 0.018) | |||
| Role ambiguity × co-worker support | 0.003 (−0.018, 0.024) | |||
| Role ambiguity × extrinsic reward | −0.038 (−0.060, −0.016) | |||
| Random effect (variance) | ||||
| Individual (residual) (σe2) | 0.899 (0.874, 0.926) | 0.720 (0.699, 0.741) | 0.632 (0.614, 0.651) | 0.630 (0.612, 0.649) |
| Company (σu2) | 0.057 (0.023, 0.142) | 0.057 (0.023, 0.140) | 0.062 (0.025, 0.150) | 0.062 (0.025, 0.153) |
| Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) | 25083.447 | 23071.299 | 21920.016 | 21941.845 |
†
Men = 0, women = 1.
‡
12 years or less = 0, more than 12 years = 1.
§
Each component of job demands and job resources was group-mean centered.