Table 6.

Associations between patterns of middle-childhood problems and risk sub-group membership based on sexual risk-taking: results of multinomial regression (imputed data set, N = 4,739)

Reference group = no age 13 risk behavior or early sexual behavior		(1) Early sexual behavior with lower sexual risk-takinga		(2) Early sexual behavior with higher sexual risk-taking		(3) Age 13 risk behavior onlyb
Problem	Contrast patternc	RRR (95 % CI)	p	RRR (95 % CI)	p	RRR (95 % CI)	p
Hyperactivity/inattention (none throughout)	Decreasing	0.98 (0.66–1.45)	0.916	1.00 (0.62–1.61)	0.994	0.95 (0.57–1.59)	0.840
	Increasing	0.75 (0.54–1.04)	0.088	0.88 (0.60–1.28)	0.499	1.18 (0.81–1.72)	0.388
	Persistent	0.53 (0.08–3.66)	0.519	2.71 (0.82–9.00)	0.103	2.32 (0.70–7.73)	0.170
Conduct problems (none throughout)	Decreasing	0.89 (0.64–1.23)	0.481	1.37 (0.96–1.95)	0.081	1.14 (0.80–1.63)	0.473
	Increasing	1.18 (0.88–1.59)	0.258	1.36 (0.95–1.94)	0.092	0.89 (0.62–1.28)	0.522
	Persistent	1.76 (0.93–3.31)	0.080	2.23 (1.08–4.58)	0.029	1.40 (0.61–3.22)	0.430
Peer relationship problems (none throughout)	Decreasing	0.61 (0.38–0.97)	0.035	0.89 (0.55–1.42)	0.623	1.16 (0.74–1.83)	0.522
	Increasing	0.78 (0.56–1.08)	0.134	0.73 (0.49–1.09)	0.123	0.99 (0.68–1.46)	0.979
	Persistent	0.80 (0.26–2.43)	0.694	0.89 (0.25–3.12)	0.859	1.23 (0.41–3.70)	0.718
Depressive symptoms (low throughout)	Decreasing	1.01 (0.73–1.39)	0.946	0.95 (0.64–1.41)	0.786	1.06 (0.70–1.60)	0.774
	Increasing	1.21 (0.85–1.73)	0.291	1.37 (0.91–2.06)	0.130	1.65 (1.11–2.45)	0.013
	Persistent	1.29 (0.74–2.25)	0.378	1.12 (0.56–2.21)	0.751	1.26 (0.64–2.49)	0.499
School dislike (low throughout)	Decreasing	1.14 (0.87–1.51)	0.345	1.04 (0.73–1.49)	0.825	1.58 (1.11–2.24)	0.011
	Increasing	1.49 (1.17–1.89)	0.001	1.45 (1.08–1.95)	0.015	1.95 (1.41–2.69)	<0.001
	Persistent	1.19 (0.89–1.60)	0.236	1.55 (1.11–2.15)	0.010	2.41 (1.72–3.37)	<0.001
School performance (high throughout)	Improving	0.86 (0.61–1.20)	0.374	0.89 (0.60–1.32)	0.550	1.04 (0.69–1.56)	0.850
	Worsening	1.18 (0.84–1.66)	0.342	1.43 (0.96–2.12)	0.079	1.03 (0.64–1.68)	0.893
	Persistent low	1.02 (0.78–1.32)	0.897	0.97 (0.70–1.35)	0.871	1.10 (0.78–1.53)	0.590

RRR = relative risk ratio. Adjusted for other problems at same time point, gender, age in months, stage of puberty at age 15 assessment, mother’s education, maternal smoking, partner’s social class, biological father’s presence in household, household financial difficulties, child’s relationship with parents, parental monitoring, maternal interest in child’s schooling, child’s attendance at place of worship, child’s early puberty, IQ, child’s physical attractiveness, and early romantic behavior

^aSexual risk based on very early sexual behavior (age 13), condom use, use of alcohol/drugs at sex, number of partners. See text for full definition

^bGroup 3 defined as for Table 5

^cProblem patterns: decreasing (Time 1 only), increasing (Time 2 only), persistent (Time 1 and Time 2)