Fig. 2.
Geometric reference systems. A: main (Smain) and secondary (Ssec) vortex sections as well as the asymmetric toroidal geometric model used to estimate out-of-plane vortex distribution for the calculation of total vortex energy, overlaid on the two-dimensional (2-D) velocity distributions of a patient with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM; see text for details). B: internal moving coordinate system used for the analysis of vortex trajectories along the cardiac cycle. v, flow velocity.