Fig. 4.

Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay of the stress responding transcription factors in RPEs. OxLDL exposure significantly up-regulated all the tested transcriptional activities. E3330 completely blocked the up surge of six transcription factors (Nrf2/Nrf1, p53, NF-κB, HIF1, CBF/NF-Y/YY1, and MTF1) and markedly attenuated the activities of HSF1 and AhR pathways. Glucocorticoid receptor exhibited a trend of reduction by E3330, but results were not statistically significant. Bars represent mean±SEM of three independent experiments. ^⁎p<0.05 versus the control group. #p<0.05 versus the oxLDL challenged group.