Table 1.

Lower resolution biophysical techniques commonly used to characterize and monitor higher order structure as well as aggregates of biomolecules and macromolecular complexes.

Method	2° Structure Ratios	2° Structure Transitions	3° Structure Transitions	4° Structure Transitions	Aggregate Presence	Aggregate Size	Aggregate Populationd	Dynamics	References
Neara UV Absorbance (UVAS)		°	•		•			•	4, 6, 31–35
Farb UV Absorbance	•	•	•						31
Neara UV Circular Dichroism (CD)			•						36, 37
Farb UV Circular Dichroism	•	•	°						35–38
Intrinsic Fluorescence (IF)		°	•					•	39
Extrinsicc Fluorescence (EF)			•		•				40–45
Red Edge Excitation (REES)								•	46, 47
Time Resolved Fluorescence (TRFS)								•	48, 49
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)	•	•			•				50–52
Raman spectroscopy (RS)	•	•	•						53
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)		•	•	•	•				54, 55
Pressure Perturbation Calorimetry (PPC)								•	55–57
High Res. Ultrasonic Velocimetry (HRUS)								•	55, 58
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)				•	•	•	•		59
Static Light Scattering (SLS)				•	•	•			60
Optical Density (OD)				•	•				60
High Perf. Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)		•	•	•	•	•	•		61, 62

^a240-320nm.

^b190-260nm.

^cDie conjugated.

^dSize distribution profile.

^°Limited data.