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. 2014 Mar 15;31(6):582–594. doi: 10.1089/neu.2013.3146

FIG. 9.

FIG. 9.

Schematic diagram showing the neuroprotective effect of valproic acid (VPA) after SCI. Both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced caspase-12 activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation contributed to ventral motor neuron death after SCI, which was inhibited by VPA.