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. 2013 Dec 23;41(1):73–82. doi: 10.1159/000357106

Table 1.

Detection of USUV in Europe

Region (year) Mammals Birdsab Mosquitoes References
Italy

  • Common magpie (Pica pica)

  • Jay (Garrulus glandarius)

  • Common starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

  • Blackbird (Turdus merula)

 Aedes albopictus, Culex pipiens [37]
Austria (2001) humanbc

  • Blackbird (T. merula)

  • Great grey owl (Strix nebulosa)

  • Blue tit (Parus caeruleus)

  • Sparrow (Passer domesticus)

  • Great tit (Parus major)

  • Nut hatch (Sitta europaea)

  • Robin (Erithacus rubecula)

  • Song thrush (Turdus philomelos)

 [30, 38]
Germany (2011) humanc

  • Black bird (T. merula)

  • Common starling (S. vulgaris)

  • Domestic canary (Serinus canaria domestica)

  • Sparrow (P. domesticus)

  • Great grey owl (S. nebulosa)

  • Common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)

 Culex pipiens pipiens [10, 39]
Switzerland

  • Sparrow (P. domesticus)

  • Black bird (T. merula)

  • Blue tit (P. caeruleus)

  • Green finch (Carduelis chloris)

  • Robin (Erithacus rubecula)

  • Boreal owl (Aegolius funereus)

  • Great grey owl/Lappland owl (S. nebulosa lapponica)

  • Northern hawk owl (Surnia ulula)

  • Eurasian pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum)

 [36]
Spain [40, 41]
Hungary Blackbird (T. merula) [35]
Serbia horsecd [42]
Czech Republice antibodyd [43]
Polande antibodyd [44]
a

Virus isolation.

b

Genome detection by means of PCR.

c

Antibody detection.

d

Also reactive with WNV in the PRNT.

e

It is unclear whether the antibodies were formed by infection of the birds in the respective region or whether the birds became infected in endemic areas such as regions in Africa.