Table 2.
The anti-inflammatory effect of honey extracts at five different concentrations (% honey) compared with untreated cells, in the HEK-Blue™-2 cell line using the FSL-I ligand
| Honey treatment | Concentration (%) | Mean (SE) | Estimate (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic manuka | 0.0 | 1.10 (0.12) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.14 (0.05) | 0.039 (−0.121 to 0.198) | 0.5833 | |
| 7.1 | 1.12 (0.01) | 0.016 (−0.143 to 0.176) | 0.8137 | |
| 10.7 | 1.06 (0.06) | −0.044 (−0.204 to 0.115) | 0.5324 | |
| 12.5 | 1.14 (0.06) | 0.031 (−0.129 to 0.190) | 0.6635 | |
| 14.3 | 0.98 (0.09) | −0.123 (−0.282 to 0.036) | 0.1109 | |
| Phenolic kanuka | 0.0 | 1.09 (0.19) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.13 (0.12) | 0.032 (−0.262 to 0.326) | 0.8068 | |
| 7.1 | 1.24 (0.15) | 0.142 (−0.152 to 0.436) | 0.2915 | |
| 10.7 | 0.98 (0.06) | −0.1 17 (−0.411 to 0.177) | 0.3772 | |
| 12.5 | 0.91 (0.13) | −0.182 (−0.476 to 0.112) | 0.1862 | |
| 14.3 | 0.78 (0.08) | −0.3 15 (−0.609 to −0.021) | 0.0390 | |
| Phenolic manuka/kanuka | 0.0 | 1.17 (0.08) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.23 (0.05) | 0.058 (−0.271 to 0.387) | 0.6884 | |
| 7.1 | 1.45 (0.31) | 0.277 (−0.052 to 0.606) | 0.0868 | |
| 10.7 | 1.20 (0.04) | 0.026 (−0.304 to 0.355) | 0.8596 | |
| 12.5 | 1.08 (0.13) | −0.097 (−0.426 to 0.233) | 0.5104 | |
| 14.3 | 0.99 (0.07) | −0.187 (−0.516 to 0.142) | 0.2209 | |
| Phenolic clover | 0.0 | 1.11 (0.19) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.27 (0.20) | 0.161 (−0.240 to 0.562) | 0.3739 | |
| 7.1 | 1.49 (0.25) | 0.380 (−0.021 to 0.781) | 0.0600 | |
| 10.7 | 1.24 (0.08) | 0.130 (−0.271 to 0.531) | 0.4675 | |
| 12.5 | 1.24 (0.01) | 0.132 (−0.269 to 0.533) | 0.4613 | |
| 14.3 | 0.97 (0.13) | −0.142 (−0.543 to 0.259) | 0.4308 | |
| Crude manuka | 0.0 | 1.08 (0.02) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 0.99 (0.00) | −0.091 (−0.376 to 0.194) | 0.4756 | |
| 7.1 | 1.06 (0.02) | −0.021 (−0.306 to 0.264) | 0.8645 | |
| 10.7 | 0.88 (0.10) | −0.203 (−0.488 to 0.082) | 0.1364 | |
| 12.5 | 0.79 (0.06) | −0.292 (−0.577 to −0.006) | 0.0462 | |
| 14.3 | 1.09 (0.12) | 0.014 (−0.271 to 0.299) | 0.9099 | |
| Crude kanuka | 0.0 | 1.06 (0.08) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.15 (0.05) | 0.085 (−0.302 to 0.472) | 0.6202 | |
| 7.1 | 1.19 (0.13) | 0.121 (−0.266 to 0.508) | 0.4836 | |
| 10.7 | 1.1 1 (0.04) | 0.043 (−0.344 to 0.430) | 0.8003 | |
| 12.5 | 0.97 (0.25) | −0.090 (−0.477 to 0.297) | 0.5983 | |
| 14.3 | 1.31 (0.10) | 0.244 (−0.144 to 0.631) | 0.1804 | |
| Crude manuka/kanuka | 0.0 | 1.15 (0.10) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.11 (0.11) | −0.041 (−0.324 to 0.242) | 0.7439 | |
| 7.1 | 1.18 (0.07) | 0.029 (−0.254 to 0.312) | 0.8150 | |
| 10.7 | 0.88 (0.15) | −0.262 (−0.545 to 0.021) | 0.0649 | |
| 12.5 | 1.16 (0.08) | 0.009 (−0.274 to 0.292) | 0.9437 | |
| 14.3 | 1.29 (0.06) | 0.139 (−0.145 to 0.422) | 0.2849 | |
| Crude clover | 0.0 | 1.08 (0.09) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.10(0.03) | 0.013 (−0.209 to 0.236) | 0.8902 | |
| 7.1 | 1.13 (0.04) | 0.048 (−0.174 to 0.270) | 0.6250 | |
| 10.7 | 0.95 (0.04) | −0.133 (−0.355 to 0.089) | 0.1986 | |
| 12.5 | 1.11 (0.11) | 0.028 (−0.194 to 0.250) | 0.7733 | |
| 14.3 | 1.22 (0.02) | 0.135 (−0.087 to 0.357) | 0.1936 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error; FSL-I, Pam2CGDPKHPKSF.