Table 4.
The anti-inflammatory effect of honey extracts at five different concentrations (% honey) compared with untreated cells, in the NOD2-WT cell line using the MDP ligand
| Honey treatment | Concentration (%) | Mean (SE) | Estimate (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic manuka | 0.0 | 0.91 (0.06) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.02 (0.17) | 0.108 (−0.274 to 0.490) | 0.5154 | |
| 7.1 | 1.01 (0.20) | 0.092 (−0.290 to 0.474) | 0.5766 | |
| 10.7 | 1.09 (0.13) | 0.172 (−0.210 to 0.554) | 0.3127 | |
| 12.5 | 0.94 (0.15) | 0.027 (−0.355 to 0.408) | 0.8707 | |
| 14.3 | 0.88 (0.0) | −0.031 (−0.498 to 0.437) | 0.8778 | |
| Phenolic kanuka | 0.0 | 1.00 (0.08) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.01 (0.13) | 0.006 (−0.536 to 0.548) | 0.9807 | |
| 7.1 | 0.97 (0.19) | −0.032 (−0.574 to 0.510) | 0.8888 | |
| 10.7 | 0.90 (0.18) | −0.100 (−0.642 to 0.442) | 0.6681 | |
| 12.5 | 0.76 (0.34) | −0.240 (−0.782 to 0.302) | 0.3195 | |
| 14.3 | 0.72 (0.0) | −0.283 (−0.947 to 0.381) | 0.3372 | |
| Phenolic manuka/kanuka | 0.0 | 0.94 (0.07) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.04 (0.06) | 0.096 (−0.066 to 0.259) | 0.2029 | |
| 7.1 | 0.94 (0.07) | −0.007 (−0.169 to 0.155) | 0.9218 | |
| 10.7 | 0.98 (0.06) | 0.032 (−0.131 to 0.194) | 0.6583 | |
| 12.5 | 1.00 (0.03) | 0.059 (−0.103 to 0.221) | 0.4180 | |
| 14.3 | 0.89 (0.12) | −0.051 (−0.214 to 0.111) | 0.4779 | |
| Phenolic clover | 0.0 | 0.94 (0.05) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.00 (0.02) | 0.068 (−0.198 to 0.334) | 0.5647 | |
| 7.1 | 0.97 (0.01) | 0.031 (−0.235 to 0.297) | 0.7931 | |
| 10.7 | 1.13 (0.24) | 0.193 (−0.073 to 0.459) | 0.1304 | |
| 12.5 | 0.94 (0.07) | 0.005 (−0.261 to 0.271) | 0.9683 | |
| 14.3 | 1.00 (0.08) | 0.063 (−0.203 to 0.329) | 0.5922 | |
| Crude manuka | 0.0 | 1.11 (0.30) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 0.99 (0.01) | −0.113 (−0.488 to 0.261) | 0.4970 | |
| 7.1 | 1.11 (0.18) | 0.006 (−0.368 to 0.380) | 0.9717 | |
| 10.7 | 1.03 (0.10) | −0.072 (−0.446 to 0.302) | 0.6621 | |
| 12.5 | 0.91 (0.01) | −0.192 (−0.566 to 0.182) | 0.2641 | |
| 14.3 | 0.97 (0.21) | −0.134 (−0.509 to 0.240) | 0.4239 | |
| Crude kanuka | 0.0 | 1.25 (0.28) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.13 (0.24) | −0.117 (−0.511 to 0.276) | 0.5033 | |
| 7.1 | 1.11 (0.06) | −0.133 (−0.527 to 0.260) | 0.4499 | |
| 10.7 | 0.98 (0.12) | −0.264 (−0.657 to 0.130) | 0.1567 | |
| 12.5 | 1.00 (0.04) | −0.242 (−0.636 to 0.151) | 0.1891 | |
| 14.3 | 1.01 (0.19) | −0.232 (−0.625 to 0.161) | 0.2059 | |
| Crude manuka/kanuka | 0.0 | 1.23 (0.34) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.09 (0.11) | −0.142 (−0.531 to 0.247) | 0.4170 | |
| 7.1 | 1.14 (0.06) | −0.093 (−0.481 to 0.296) | 0.5913 | |
| 10.7 | 1.10 (0.11) | −0.126 (−0.515 to 0.263) | 0.4700 | |
| 12.5 | 0.99 (0.04) | −0.233 (−0.622 to 0.156) | 0.1990 | |
| 14.3 | 0.90 (0.17) | −0.330 (−0.719 to 0.059) | 0.0850 | |
| Crude clover | 0.0 | 1.19 (0.23) | 0.0 | |
| 5.3 | 1.07 (0.08) | −0.122 (−0.426 to 0.183) | 0.3762 | |
| 7.1 | 1.12 (0.13) | −0.073 (−0.377 to 0.231) | 0.5874 | |
| 10.7 | 1.07 (0.02) | −0.125 (−0.429 to 0.179) | 0.3646 | |
| 12.5 | 0.88 (0.09) | −0.315 (−0.619 to 0.011) | 0.0442 | |
| 14.3 | 0.91 (0.13) | −0.285 (−0.589 to 0.019) | 0.0621 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NOD2-WT, nucleotide oligomerization domain 2-Wild Type; MDP, muramyl dipeptide; SE, standard error.