Fig. 1.

Angiotensin II AT₁ receptor blockers prevent glutamate-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in rat CGCs. (A) CGCs were treated for 24 h with different doses of glutamate to determine LDH release. (B) CGCs were treated with 10 µM MK-801 (N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist) and 100 µM glutamate for 24 h. (C) CGCs were treated with 1 µM telmisartan (Telm) for different times before or after 24 h of glutamate exposure (100 µM). (D and E) CGCs were pretreated with different concentrations of telmisartan (Telm), candesartan (Cand), losartan (Los) or Valsartan for 2 h, followed by treatment with 100 µM glutamate for another 24 h. (D) Comparison of individual doses for each sartan studied. (E) Comparison of approximate IC₅₀s. In all cases, neuronal injury was studied by measurement of LDH release, detected by the LDH Activity Assay kit as described in Material and Methods. Results are means ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. Control; ^#P < 0.05, ^###P < 0.001 vs. Glut; ^$P < 0.05, ^$$P < 0.01, ^$$$P < 0.001 vs. the corresponding concentration of Telm. All approximate IC₅₀s are different from each other at the P < 0.01 level, except for Losartan vs. Valsartan that were different at P < 0.05.