Telmisartan prevents the glutamate-induced alterations in Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2 in rat CGCs, and the telmisartan effect is reduced by exposure to a PPARγ antagonist. CGCs were pre-treated with 1 µM telmisartan (Telm) followed by 1 hour exposure to glutamate (Glut). GW9662 (GW, 20 µM) was added 2 hours before telmisartan treatment. (A) Shown are representative Western blots for each protein level. Ratios of total and phospho-Akt (B), phospho-GSK-3β (C) and phospho–ERK1/2 (D) are presented as means ± SEM from three independent experiments. All results are shown as a percentage of the control group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. Control; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs. Glut; $P < 0.05, $$$P < 0.001 vs. Glut+Telm.