Figure 1 – 4.

Observed associations from path models (gray dashed lines indicate estimated paths that were not statistically significant at p < 0.01; solid lines are estimated paths that were statistically significant ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001). Models were estimated using the mean- and variance-adjusted least squares (WLSMV) algorithm in Mplus. Parameter values from the SES-variables to Smoking are unstandardized probit coefficients. The remaining path values are unstandardized linear coefficients. The global null hypothesis of equivalent corresponding coefficients across the four groups was rejected (p < .001).