Table 1. A Summary of the Most Important Papers Reviewed in the Current Paper.
| Reference/ Year | Subjects/ Country | The Proportion of Macronutrients | The Duration of Intervention | Liver Fat Assessment | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utzschneider KM (32)/ 2012 | Parallel and randomized clinical trial/ 35 subjects / USA | isoenergetic low-fat/low-saturated fat/LGIa (LSAT a: 23% fat/7% saturated fat/GI a< 55) or a high-fat/high-saturated fat/high-GI (HSAT: 43% fat/24% saturated fat/GI > 70) | 4 weeks | Magnetic resonance spectroscopy | LSAT decreased significantly A liver fat (median 2.2 (IQR a 3.1) to 1.7 (IQR 1.8) %) but HSAT a did not (median 1.2 (IQR 4.1) to 1.6 (IQR 3.9) %). |
| Zelber-Sagi S (33)/ 2007 | Cross-sectional study/ 349 volunteers/ Israel | NAFLD a group consumed less fish (the rich source of omega-3) and more amount of soft drinks and meat rather than healthy population. | |||
| Machado RM (34)/ 2010 | Parallel clinical trial/ 41 male mice/ Brazil | Diets containing 40% energy as either trans fatty acid (TRANS), PUFA, or SFA. | 16 weeks | Histological markers of NAFLD | compared with PUFA- and SFA-fed mice, TRANS-fed mice had NASH-like lesions |
| Shertzer HG (35)/ 2011 | Parallel clinical trial/ 4 Female mice/ USA | A HF a diet, with or without 100 g Whey Protein Isolate/L drinking water | 11 weeks | Histological markers | Livers from WPI mice had significantly fewer hepatic lipid droplet numbers and less deposition of nonpolar lipids. |
| Yang HY (36)/ 2011 | Parallel clinical trial/ 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats/ Taiwan | A NASH-inducing diet, a standard diet, a NASH-inducing diet plus soy protein, and a standard diet plus soy protein. | 10 weeks | Histological markers | Soy protein intake decreased the hepatic lipid depots of triacylglycerols |
| van der Meer R W (23)/2008 | Before-after/ 15 healthy males/ Netherlands | HFHE a diet: A regular diet, supplemented with 800 mL cream (280g fat) every day | 3 days | H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy | The HFHE diet increased hepatic TGs compared tobaseline (from 2.01 ± 1.79 to 4.26 ± 2.78%) |
| Westerbacka J (24)/ 2005 | Randomized Cross-over/ 10 overweight apparently healthy premenopausal women/ Finland | Isocaloric diet | 2 weeks | Magnetic resonance proton spectroscopy | Liver fat decreased by 20 ± 9% during the low-fat diet and increased by 35 ± 21% during the high-fat diet |
| -High fat diet: Fat: 56 ± 1%, CHO:31 ± 1%, Protein: 13± 1%, SFA a: 28 ± 1%, MUFA a: 16 ± 1%, PUFA a: 5 ± 1% | |||||
| -low fat diet: fat: 16 ± 1%, CHO: 61 ± 3%, Protein: 19 ± 1%, SFA: 5 ± 1%, MUFA: 5 ± 1%, PUFA: 3 ± 1% |
a Abbreviations: GI, glycemic index; HF, high fat; HFHE, high fat high energy; HSAT, high saturated fatty acid; IQR, interquartile range; LGI, low-glycaemic index; LSAT, low saturated fatty acid; MUFA, mono unsaturated fatty acids; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PUFA, poly unsaturated fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids.