Table 1.
Effect of herb extracts on NO production and cell viability in simulated and resting RAW264.7 cells.
| Plant name and authority | Part useda | Stimulation cells | Resting cells | Yieldf | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent inhibition of NOb | Cell proliferation (%)c | NO production (μM)d | Cytotoxicity (%)e | |||
| Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr.et Maxim.) Harms | SR | 74.66 ± 0.01 | 97.64 ± 0.09 | 4.28 ± 0.01 | 90.76 ± 0.04 | 5.55 |
| Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Smith | BK | 12.11 ± 0.01 | 66.29 ± 0.01 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 99.16 ± 0.01 | 23.75 |
| Achyranthes bidentata Bl. | RT | −11.62 ± 0.02 | 68.78 ± 0001 | 4.13 ± 0.03 | 73.25 ± 0.03 | 31.25 |
| Acorus tatarinowii Schott. | SR | 11.82 ± 0.01 | 47.40 ± 0.09 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 98.57 ± 0.01 | 17.75 |
| Actinidia arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch.ex Miq. | RT | 54.67 ± 0.02 | 40.79 ± 0.03 | 1.18 ± 0.01 | 103.69 ± 0.01 | 7.42 |
| Actinidia valvata Dunn | RT | 32.11 ± 0.01 | 51.09 ± 0.01 | 2.94 ± 0.01 | 22.07 ± 0.01 | 7.36 |
| Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep. | ST | 46.63 ± 0.04 | 53.01 ± 0.02 | 3.86 ± 0.02 | 101.11 ± 0.04 | 5.69 |
| Allium macrostemon Bge. | ST | 25.43 ± 0.03 | 73.53 ± 0.04 | 2.11 ± 0.01 | 93.74 ± 0.02 | 38.87 |
| Aloe barbadensis Miller | LF | 15.31 ± 0.10 | 35.02 ± 0.02 | 3.86 ± 0.02 | 94.60 ± 0.04 | 10.71 |
| Amomum villosum Lour. | FR | 35.56 ± 0.02 | 61.15 ± 0.04 | 4.57 ± 0.01 | 100.19 ± 0.03 | 5.18 |
| Artemisia annua L. | HR | 12.03 ± 0.03 | 29.48 ± 0.03 | 1.34 ± 0.01 | 105.08 ± 0.01 | 13.62 |
| Artemisia anomala S. Moore | HR | 59.56 ± 0.05 | 74.25 ± 0.01 | 1.61 ± 0.01 | 102.92 ± 0.02 | 11.04 |
| Artemisia capillaris Thunb. | HR | 41.2 ± 0.03 | 64.62 ± 0.03 | 4.02 ± 0.01 | 104.40 ± 0.04 | 17.36 |
| Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. | RT | 13.96 ± 0.01 | 53.76 ± 0.03 | 4.30 ± 0.01 | 93.30 ± 0.05 | 47.06 |
| Bambusa tuldoides Munro. | ST | 27.32 ± 0.01 | 75.23 ± 0.01 | 3.19 ± 0.01 | 110.67 ± 0.03 | 1.14 |
| Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb. f. | ST | 77.52 ± 0.01 | 95.17 ± 0.08 | 4.29 ± 0.01 | 14.37 ± 0.02 | 18.63 |
| Caesalpinia sappan L. | HW | 94.27 ± 0.01 | 103.70 ± 0.01 | 3.75 ± 0.01 | 30.92 ± 0.01 | 10.66 |
| Carpesium abrotanoides Linn. | HR | 74.85 ± 0.03 | 53.24 ± 0.02 | 2.85 ± 0.01 | 102.95 ± 0.02 | 11.52 |
| Carthamus tinctorius L. | FL | 38.89 ± 0.02 | 89.78 ± 0.02 | 4.22 ± 0.01 | 104.26 ± 0.04 | 45.76 |
| Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. | RT | −6.06 ± 0.01 | 55.62 ± 0.01 | 1.30 ± 0.01 | 101.88 ± 0.03 | 2.78 |
| Cinnamomum cassia Presl. | TW | 38.43 ± 0.02 | 86.03 ± 0.03 | 4.38 ± 0.01 | 107.18 ± 0.06 | 9.32 |
| Cinnamomum cassia Presl. | BK | 68.31 ± 0.02 | 97.01 ± 0.04 | 4.54 ± 0.01 | 60.18 ± 0.04 | 11.16 |
| Curcuma longa L. | ST | 89.32 ± 0.02 | 108.09 ± 0.05 | 4.61 ± 0.01 | 51.43 ± 0.02 | 9.36 |
| Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. | RT | −13.92 ± 0.01 | 60.45 ± 0.01 | 1.42 ± 0.01 | 101.83 ± 0.02 | 36.04 |
| Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang | ST | 7.36 ± 0.01 | 25.78 ± 0.01 | 0.74 ± 0.01 | 95.26 ± 0.01 | 11.14 |
| Chrysanthemum indicum L. | FL | −2.87 ± 0.01 | 97.74 ± 0.01 | 1.65 ± 0.01 | 101.07 ± 0.02 | 26.1 |
| Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. | ST | 8.81 ± 0.01 | 29.58 ± 0.02 | 1.25 ± 0.01 | 106.48 ± 0.02 | 8.01 |
| Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling | RT | −8.31 ± 0.01 | 45.33 ± 0.01 | 0.59 ± 0.01 | 99.01 ± 0.02 | 9.423 |
| Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. | ST | 18.87 ± 0.03 | 43.53 ± 0.02 | 3.10 ± 0.01 | 98.00 ± 0.05 | 46.14 |
| Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen | HW | 77.38 ± 0.04 | 88.27 ± 0.07 | 1.93 ± 0.01 | 86.12 ± 0.02 | 17.6 |
| Daphne genkwa Sieb.et Zucc. | FL | 99.17 ± 0.01 | 40.83 ± 0.03 | 4.25 ± 0.01 | 70.25 ± 0.04 | 20.55 |
| Daphne tangutica Maxim. | BK | 76.12 ± 0.01 | 91.32 ± 0.16 | 4.56 ± 0.01 | 85.67 ± 0.11 | 4.75 |
| Drynaria fortunei (Kunze) J. Sm. | ST | 6.46 ± 0.04 | 54.58 ± 0.01 | 1.15 ± 0.01 | 99.59 ± 0.02 | 11.458 |
| Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. | LF | −43.84 ± 0.02 | 135.36 ± 0.02 | 1.06 ± 0.01 | 101.69 ± 0.02 | 13.78 |
| Euodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. | FR | 56.35 ± 0.02 | 23.68 ± 0.01 | 1.80 ± 0.01 | 41.84 ± 0.03 | 33.89 |
| Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl | FR | 91.93 ± 0.01 | 34.44 ± 0.02 | 4.24 ± 0.01 | 27.32 ± 0.01 | 26.12 |
| Gardenia jasminoides Ellis | FR | 15.89 ± 0.01 | 50.48 ± 0.03 | 4.27 ± 0.01 | 129.77 ± 0.09 | 29.8 |
| Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | SR | 66.62 ± 0.01 | 107.8 ± 0.07 | 0.76 ± 0.01 | 109.65 ± 0.03 | 18.57 |
| Iles pubescens Hook.et Arn. | RT | 65.3 ± 0.02 | 106.52 ± 0.04 | 4.15 ± 0.01 | 117.70 ± 0.10 | 7.09 |
| Ilex latifolia Thunb. | LF | 32.33 ± 0.09 | 79.67 ± 0.01 | 3.42 ± 0.01 | 54.11 ± 0.04 | 19.14 |
| Inula japonica Thunb. | FL | 91.19 ± 0.01 | 84.48 ± 0.03 | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 100.42 ± 0.01 | 17.7 |
| Inula linariifolia Turez. | HR | 76.43 ± 0.01 | 129.93 ± 0.19 | 4.04 ± 0.01 | 84.41 ± 0.03 | 10.91 |
| Isatis indigotica Fort. | LF | 47.61 ± 0.02 | 86.83 ± 0.05 | 1.56 ± 0.01 | 106.24 ± 0.02 | 24.43 |
| Isatis indigotica Fort. | RT | 26.48 ± 0.02 | 53.51 ± 0.08 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 103.22 ± 0.01 | 26.78 |
| Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. | SR | 91.13 ± 0.01 | 79.46 ± 0.05 | 3.88 ± 0.01 | 81.82 ± 0.04 | 28.1 |
| Lonicera japonica Thunb. | FL | 47.87 ± 0.02 | 86.17 ± 0.04 | 1.38 ± 0.01 | 107.12 ± 0.01 | 39.55 |
| Magnolia biondii Pamp. | FL | −15.35 ± 0.01 | 82.89 ± 0.01 | 3.27 ± 0.01 | 102.22 ± 0.03 | 15.39 |
| Morus alba L. | TW | 50.78 ± 0.01 | 72.21 ± 0.06 | 4.69 ± 0.01 | 93.67 ± 0.03 | 7.88 |
| Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. | FR | 21.96 ± 0.02 | 95.84 ± 0.11 | 4.53 ± 0.04 | 105.37 ± 0.04 | 17.55 |
| Nigella glandulifera Freyn et Sint. | SD | 78.56 ± 0.01 | 95.88 ± 0.04 | 2.58 ± 0.01 | 113.01 ± 0.01 | 10.05 |
| Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. | HR | 43.62 ± 0.02 | 62.44 ± 0.05 | 4.12 ± 0.01 | 69.83 ± 0.02 | 11.58 |
| Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker-Gawl. | RT | 9.31 ± 0.01 | 65.68 ± 0.05 | 0.62 ± 0.01 | 96.24 ± 0.01 | 39.34 |
| Paeonia veitchii Lynch | RT | 61.27 ± 0.05 | 49.03 ± 0.01 | 2.95 ± 0.01 | 101.88 ± 0.03 | 22.17 |
| Paeonia lactiflora Pall. | RT | −8.32 ± 0.01 | 77.45 ± 0.01 | 1.16 ± 0.01 | 98.85 ± 0.03 | 16.01 |
| Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. | BK | 31.64 ± 0.04 | 64.88 ± 0.02 | 4.15 ± 0.01 | 70.23 ± 0.01 | 28.7 |
| Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. | SR | 26.73 ± 0.04 | 71.25 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 101.26 ± 0.01 | 36.617 |
| Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. | HR | 11.22 ± 0.05 | 64.07 ± 0.02 | 2.23 ± 0.01 | 103.16 ± 0.01 | 12.36 |
| Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn | RT | 66.44 ± 0.02 | 102.58 ± 0.17 | 4.51 ± 0.01 | 20.67 ± 0.07 | 13.07 |
| Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce | ST | −3.64 ± 0.02 | 47.88 ± 0.01 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 97.64 ± 0.01 | 32.28 |
| Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. | RT | 36.49 ± 0.02 | 63.84 ± 0.02 | 4.91 ± 0.01 | 73.7 ± 0.02 | 12.57 |
| Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf | SC | 56.75 ± 0.04 | 12.61 ± 0.06 | 1.34 ± 0.01 | 49.13 ± 0.03 | 2.21 |
| Psoralea corylifolia L. | FR | 41.35 ± 0.04 | 93.39 ± 0.04 | 1.16 ± 0.01 | 7.93 ± 0.01 | 5.34 |
| Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi | RT | 58.64 ± 0.03 | 93.10 ± 0.08 | 0.68 ± 0.01 | 101.30 ± 0.02 | 20.25 |
| Pyrola calliantha H. Andres. | HR | 20.09 ± 0.07 | 50.68 ± 0.02 | 3.04 ± 0.01 | 106.48 ± 0.04 | 11.6 |
| Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. | RT | −14.78 ± 0.01 | 38.15 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 96.41 ± 0.01 | 39.67 |
| Rosa laevigata Michx. | FR | 29.37 ± 0.02 | 69.39 ± 0.03 | 4.40 ± 0.01 | 91.48 ± 0.06 | 22.8 |
| Rubia cordifolia L. | SR | 69.99 ± 0.03 | 113.22 ± 0.12 | 5.30 ± 0.01 | 102.03 ± 0.06 | 12.67 |
| Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. | SR | 7.35 ± 0.01 | 82.25 ± 0.14 | 2.02 ± 0.01 | 100.35 ± 0.01 | 40.42 |
| Santalum album L. | HW | 36.59 ± 0.02 | 61.80 ± 0.03 | 4.61 ± 0.01 | 63.65 ± 0.16 | 7.25 |
| Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. | RT | 6.73 ± 0.01 | 56.66 ± 0.01 | 3.02 ± 0.01 | 92.08 ± 0.10 | 20.51 |
| Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | RT | 23.55 ± 0.01 | 69.68 ± 0.01 | 3.07 ± 0.01 | 100.93 ± 0.01 | 47.06 |
| Scutellaria barbata D. Don | HR | 53.51 ± 0.03 | 98.59 ± 0.03 | 4.28 ± 0.01 | 101.75 ± 0.04 | 21.39 |
| Satsstrea japonica (Thunb.) De. | BK | 70.55 ± 0.01 | 126.05 ± 0.14 | 4.19 ± 0.01 | 91.61 ± 0.03 | 4.66 |
| Spatholobus suberectus Dunn. | ST | 33.79 ± 0.01 | 27.24 ± 0.01 | 4.98 ± 0.01 | 92.21 ± 0.07 | 16.07 |
| Stephania tetrandra S. Moore | RT | 52.29 ± 0.06 | 8.38 ± 0.01 | 2.06 ± 0.01 | 98.80 ± 0.03 | 11.03 |
| Tribulus terrestris L. | FR | 73.48 ± 0.02 | 71.80 ± 0.09 | 4.15 ± 0.01 | 87.66 ± 0.05 | 8.44 |
| Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. | PE | −2.38 ± 0.03 | 29.54 ± 0.01 | 1.07 ± 0.01 | 101.00 ± 0.01 | 35.97 |
| Typha angustifolia L. | PL | 78.99 ± 0.05 | 48.80 ± 0.01 | 3.66 ± 0.01 | 85.85 ± 0.02 | 7.09 |
| Typhonium giganteum Engl. | ST | 7.41 ± 0.01 | 47.14 ± 0.01 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 94.68 ± 0.02 | 24.56 |
| Xanthium sibiricum Patr. | HR | 76.34 ± 0.04 | 94.41 ± 0.07 | 4.46 ± 0.01 | 83.82 ± 0.06 | 5.73 |
| Zingiber officinale Rosc. | SR | 91.28 ± 0.01 | 98.31 ± 0.05 | 2.20 ± 0.01 | 41.37 ± 0.04 | 10.10 |
| L-NILg | 35.2 ± 0.01 | 84.29 ± 0.01 | 3.22 ± 0.01 | 99.95 ± 0.03 | ||
aHR: herb; RT: root; ST: stem; LF: leaf; TW: twig; FL: flower; FR: fruit; SD: seed; SC: sclerotium; HW: heartwood; SR: stem and root; PE: pericarp.
bPercent inhibition of NO production: Griess reaction was carried out to measure the production of nitrite in LPS/IFNγ-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in the absence or presence of 100 μg/mL herb extracts.
cCell growth: MTT was performed to measure cell growth. The growth rate of control (no herb extract treatment) was considered as 100%.
dNO production: Griess reaction was used to measure the amount of nitrite in unstimulated RAW264.7 cells in the absence and presence of 100 μg/mL herb extracts.
eCell cytotoxicity: MTT assay was performed to determine cell cytotoxicity of unstimulated RAW264.7 cells treated with herb extracts. Untreated group was considered as 100%.
fPercent yield of extract obtained from 70% ethanol extraction of each 100 g dry herb.
gPercent inhibition of iNOS activity at the test concentration of 50 μM.