Table 3. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI of colon, rectal, proximal and distal colon cancer according to quartiles of rice intake (g per day) in the JPHC Study.
|
Men |
Women |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (g per day) | Range (g per day) | No. cases | HR | (95% CI) | No. cases | HR | (95% CI) | Median (g per day) | Range (g per day) | No. cases | HR | (95% CI) | No. cases | HR | (95% CI) | |
|
Rice | ||||||||||||||||
| Colon | Rectum | Colon | Rectum | |||||||||||||
| Q1 | 122 | 0–136 | 140 | 1.00 | (Reference) | 77 | 1.00 | (Reference) | 96 | 0–122 | 121 | 1.00 | (Reference) | 53 | 1.00 | (Reference) |
| Q2 | 183 | 137–183 | 226 | 0.93 | (0.74–1.17) | 112 | 0.79 | (0.58–1.08) | 143 | 136–144 | 45 | 1.02 | (0.71–1.46) | 26 | 1.29 | (0.78–2.13) |
| Q3 | 244 | 190–243 | 87 | 1.01 | (0.73–1.39) | 41 | 0.76 | (0.49–1.18) | 183 | 147–183 | 157 | 1.21 | (0.90–1.61) | 59 | 1.12 | (0.72–1.77) |
| Q4 |
305 |
273–592 |
65 |
0.88 |
(0.58–1.32) |
29 |
0.61 |
(0.35–1.07) |
244 |
190–487 |
33 |
1.33 |
(0.82–2.16) |
5 |
0.51 |
(0.18–1.43) |
|
P-trend |
|
|
|
0.685 | |
0.085 | |
|
|
0.156 | |
0.726 | ||||
| per 100 g |
|
|
|
0.98 |
(0.84–1.14) |
|
0.84 |
(0.69–1.03) |
|
|
|
1.16 |
(0.92–1.46) |
|
1.01 |
(0.72–1.43) |
| |
|
|
Proximal colon | Distal colon | |
|
Proximal colon | Distal colon | ||||||||
| Q1 | 122 | 0–136 | 57 | 1.00 | (Reference) | 76 | 1.00 | (Reference) | 96 | 0–122 | 66 | 1.00 | (Reference) | 42 | 1.00 | (Reference) |
| Q2 | 183 | 137–183 | 96 | 0.94 | (0.66–1.34) | 114 | 0.92 | (0.67–1.26) | 143 | 136–144 | 24 | 0.94 | (0.57–1.53) | 21 | 1.52 | (0.87–2.66) |
| Q3 | 244 | 190–243 | 34 | 0.88 | (0.53–1.45) | 49 | 1.15 | (0.74–1.77) | 183 | 147–183 | 89 | 1.18 | (0.80–1.73) | 61 | 1.52 | (0.94–2.47) |
| Q4 |
305 |
273–592 |
36 |
1.00 |
(0.55–1.81) |
26 |
0.77 |
(0.42–1.39) |
244 |
190–487 |
24 |
1.66 |
(0.90–3.05) |
5 |
0.68 |
(0.24–1.95) |
|
P-trend |
|
|
|
0.903 | |
0.737 | |
|
|
0.139 | |
0.480 | ||||
| per 100 g | 0.99 | (0.79–1.24) | 0.95 | (0.77–1.17) | 1.30 | (0.96–1.76) | 1.07 | (0.72–1.57) | ||||||||
Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; JPHC Study=Japan Public Health Center-based prospective Study; Q=quartile.
Multivariate adjusted for age (years, continuous), area (10 PHCs), alcohol consumption (none; drinker: <150, 150–299, 300–449 or ⩾450 g ethanol per week for men; none; drinker: <150 or ⩾150 g per ethanol per week for women), smoking status (never, past, current: 1–19, 20–29, ⩾30 cigarettes per day), BMI (<25, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, ⩾30 kg m−2), quartile of metabolic equivalent tasks (h per day), history of diabetes mellitus (yes or no) colorectal screening (yes or no), menopausal status (yes or no, women only), use of exogenous female hormones (yes or no, women only), total energy intake (kcal per day, continuous), red meat intake (g per day, quartile), bread, noodles (g per day, quartile) and intakes (according quartiles) of energy-adjusted calcium (mg per day), magnesium (mg per day), vitamin B6 (mg per day), vitamin B12 (μg per day), folate (μg per day), vitamin D (μg per day), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (g per day) and fibre (g per day). (see Supplementary Table for more detail).