Table 2. Socioeconomic and Social Status Variables by Race/Ethnicity for the Study Population From Transplantation Through the Follow-Up Period (1998-2011).
| Study Population (n=208) | Whites [n=106 (51.0%)] | Blacks [n=72 (34.6%)] | Other [n=30 (14.4%)] | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SES: health insurance coverage [n (%)]* | <0.0001 | ||||
| Public (or other) | 104 (51.5) | 37 (35.9) | 45 (64.3) | 22 (75.9) | |
| Private | 98 (48.5) | 66 (64.1) | 25 (35.7) | 7 (24.1) | |
| Neighborhood level indicators† | |||||
| Poverty (%)‡ | 9.0 (3.9-17.3) | 5.8 (3.3-13.3) | 14.4 (8.0-23.0) | 6.3 (2.6-13.1) | <0.0001 |
| Low parental education (%)ठ| 18.4 (10.6-30.8) | 16.6 (9.4-28.0) | 25.5 (11.7-35.5) | 13.6 (6.7-20.7) | 0.0023 |
| Sought public assistance: SSI, TANF, or welfare (%)‡ | 5.5 (2.2-10.5) | 4.7 (2.2-8.6) | 9.6 (4.5-16.3) | 3.1 (1.7-6.1) | <0.0001 |
| Yearly income < $30,000 (%)‡ | 24.4 (12.2-38.5) | 18.9 (11.0-32.1) | 32.0 (21.7-48.7) | 14.2 (7.6-28.7) | <0.0001 |
| Female-headed household (%)‡ | 20.8 (11.8-33.9) | 16.8 (10.0-26.4) | 31.7 (21.4-47.3) | 15.8 (10.0-29.4) | <0.0001 |
| Male unemployment (%)‡ | 4.0 (2.4-.4) | 3.0 (2.1-5.2) | 6.2 (3.5-8.9) | 3.4 (2.4-5.0) | <0.0001 |
| NDI‡¶ | −0.34±0.93 | −0.59±0.72 | 0.18±1.01 | −0.73±0.84 | <0.0001 |
NOTE: P values in bold are statistically significant (P<0.05).
Data were missing for 2.9% of the patients.
These indicators represent information for all households in a participant's census tract; data were missing for 0.9% of the patients because of addresses outside the United States.
The data are presented as medians and IQRs. §The parents did not complete high school.
The NDI represents the level of socioeconomic deprivation in a census tract and is based on an analysis of 19 heterogeneous US cities using 2000 US census data.25 If the NDI is 0, the deprivation for a given area is at the mean for this broad sample of US cities. An NDI of +1 or −1 represents a standard deviation of deprivation above or below the mean, respectively. Deprivation is based on the household poverty rate (%), households seeking public assistance (%), female-headed households (%), households with unemployed persons (%), households with an annual income<$30,000 (%), males employed in managerial and professional occupations (%), males and females with no high school education (%), and residents with crowded housing (%).
The data are presented as means and standard deviations.