Table 3.
Cell targets of membrane-active compounds and its mode of study.
| Targets | Mode of Study | Substances | References |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Cell morphology: Alteration of cell shape or surface structure of the cell |
Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) |
Cudrania tricuspidata EO; Allium sativum EO; oregano EO; eugenol; epigallocatechin gallate |
[72-76] |
| Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) | Tea tree oil; Fortunella crassifolia EO | [47, 50] | |
|
Cytoplasmic membrane: Alteration of integrity and permeability |
K+ leakage assay | Tea tree oil | [48, 77] |
| Respiration assay | Tea tree oil | [48, 77] | |
| Propidium iodide uptake assay | Ferulic and gallic acids | [28, 48, 78] | |
| Cell wall | OM permeability test | Ceratotoxin A; luteolin; flavonoids isolated from smaller galangal |
[79-81] |
| Cell lysis assay | Oregano, thyme, clove EOs | [82, 83] | |
| Cell surface charge | Zeta potential measurement | Ferulic and gallic acids; lipids | [78, 84] |