Mean effective dose rate. Effective dose rate estimates are normalized by fluoroscopy time. Each line represents the mean value from one published study under similar exposure conditions. The length of each line represents the number of cases in each study. Effective dose rate estimates for cardiac procedures are also depicted for comparison. PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy), VP (Vertebroplasty), TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation), HN (Head/neck endovascular therapeutic procedures), ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography), DC (diagnostic catheterization), PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention).