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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Mar 12.
Published in final edited form as: Health Phys. 2012 Jul;103(1):80–99. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e31824dae76

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Mean hand dose rate. Radiation dose rates measured at the operator’s hand are normalized by fluoroscopy time. Each line represents the mean value from one published study under similar exposure conditions. The length of each line represents the number of cases in each study. Data for cardiac procedures are also depicted for comparison. PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy), VP (Vertebroplasty), TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation), HN (Head/neck endovascular therapeutic procedures), ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography), DC (diagnostic catheterization), PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention).