Table 1.
Mean exposure and effective dose to the operator per case from percutaneous nephrolithotomy
| Author (Publication Year) a |
Physician b | No of Cases c |
Fluoroscopy Time d (min) |
Protective Measures e |
Mean Badge Dose per Case (μSv) d, f |
Effective Dose k (μSv) |
Note | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||
| Apron (mm) | Thyroid Shield (mm) |
Hand g | Eye Level h |
Neck i | Trunk j
|
|||||||
| Over Apron |
Under Apron |
|||||||||||
| Safak et al. (2009) | Urologist | 20 | 11.7 (1.5–31.2) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 33 | 26 | 48 | - | 12 | 14.2 | |
| Kumari et al. (2006) | Urologist | 50 | 6.0 (1.8–12.2) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 280 (±130) | - | - | 24.9 (7.4–50.2) | - | 1.7 | |
| Hellawell et al. (2005) | Urologist | 6 | 6.8–23 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 48 (±12) | 40 (±10) | - | - | - | 2.8 | |
| Yang et al. (2002) | Urologist | 6 | 12.8 | O | - | - | - | 88 | - | - | 6.2 | Without ceiling-suspended shield |
| Yang et al. (2002) | Urologist | 6 | 12.8 | O | - | - | - | 25 | - | - | 1.8 | With ceiling-suspended shield |
| Bowsher et al. (1992) | Urologist | 6 | 2.0 (0.3–2.8) | - | - | 50 (±40) | 30 (±15) | - | - | - | 2.1 | Under-couch system |
| Bowsher et al. (1992) | Urologist | 8 | 2.0 (0.3–2.8) | - | - | 230 (±120) | 190 (±120) | - | - | - | 13.3 | Over-couch system |
| Nowak and Jankowski (1991) | NS | 54 | - | 0.25 | - | 41 | 34 | - | - | - | 2.4 | |
| Ramsdale et al. (1990) | Radiologist | 42 | 22 (±13) | - | - | 520 (±750) | 320 (±360) | 270 (±220) | - | - | 18.9 | Over-couch system |
| Geterud et al. (1989) | Urologist + Radiologist | 11 | 14 (3.0–29) | 0.3 | X | 210 (14–710) | - | 99 (15–260) | - | 8.6 (2.1–18) | 14.0 | |
| Inglis et al. (1989) | Urologist | 55 | 4.4 (1.2–13) | - | - | 342 | - | 35 | - | - | 2.5 | |
| Rao et al. (1987) | Urologist + Radiologist | 18 | 22 (0.9–45) | O | - | 5800 | 800 | - | - | - | 56.0 | Over-couch system |
| Lowe et al. (1986) | Urologist + Radiologist | 15 | 28 | 0.5 | O | 83 (±84) | - | 45 (±48) | - | - | 3.2 | |
| Bush et al. (1985) | Urologist + Radiologist | 94 | 18 (4–65) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 300 (100–2000) | - | 100 (20–320) | - | - | 7.0 | |
| Bush et al. (1984) | Urologist | 51 | 8 (2–30) | 0.5 | X | - | - | 100 (10–380) | - | - | 7.0 | |
There is no column for kerma-area product (KAP) data because no KAP data were included in these reports.
References are arranged by publication year.
NS: Not specified.
Number of cases in the report.
Numbers in parenthesis are standard deviation (±) or minimum-maximum (−). Superscripts of ‘md’, and ‘iq’ indicate median value and inter-quartile.
Lead-equivalent thickness of protective measures. O indicates that protective measures were used but their thicknesses were not given. X indicates that protective measures were not used.
Exposure unit (R) in some studies was converted into Hp(10) for trunk dose under apron (conversion factor 11,600 μSv R−1) and into Hp(0.07) for doses outside shield (conversion factor 11,900 μSv R−1).
Measurements obtained at the wrist, hand, or finger outside shield.
Measurements obtained at the eye, forehead, glabella, maxilla, or temple outside shield.
Measurements obtained at the neck, collar, clavicle, or shoulder outside shield.
Measurements obtained at the chest, sternum, umbilicus, waist, or abdomen over or under apron.
Effective doses were calculated using the Niklason (2 dosimeters) and Padovani et al. (1 dosimeter) algorithms, assuming no use of a thyroid shield (see text for details). If no measurement over the thyroid shield was available, the measurement at eye level or outside the apron at trunk level was used, in that order of preference.