Table 7.

Mean exposure and effective dose to the operator per case from endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Author (Publication Year) a	Physician Type b	No of Cases c	KAP d, l (Gy cm2)	Fluoroscopy Time d (min)	Protective Measures e		Mean Badge Dose per Case (μSv) d, f					Effective Dose k (μSv)	Note
					Apron (mm)	Thyroid Shield (mm)	Hand g	Eye Level h	Neck i	Trunk j
										Over Apron	Under Apron
ERCP (Diagnostic)
Chen et al. (1996)	Endoscopist	4	-	-	O	O	-	-	-	2.5 (±5)	-	0.2	With ceiling-suspended shield
Chen et al. (1996)	Endoscopist	4	-	-	O	O	-	-	-	15 (±19)	-	1.1	Without ceiling-suspended shield
Cohen et al. (1979)	Endoscopist	15	-	10 (±4.4)	0.5	-	<30	<30	<30	-	-	2.1
ERCP (Therapeutic)
Buls et al. (2002)	NS	25	50(24–60) iq	6 (3.6–8.3) iq	0.5	X	640 (200–880)iq	550 (160–660)iq	450 (170–600)iq	-	-	31.5	Over-couch fluoroscopy
Chen et al. (1996)	Endoscopist	6	-	-	O	O	-	-	-	2.8 (±4.4)	-	0.2	With ceiling-suspended shield
Chen et al. (1996)	Endoscopist	6	-	-	O	O	-	-	-	32 (±45)	-	2.2	Without ceiling-suspended shield
Krueger and Hoffman (1992)	Endoscopist	10	-	7.5	0.5	-	-	-	6.2	3.3	0	0.4
ERCP (Diagnostic + Therapeutic)
Olgar et al. (2009)	NS	31	-	-	0.5	0.5	835	94	75	-	0	4.5
Oonsiri et al. (2007)	Radiologist	10	35 (9.6–105)	1.7–23	O	O	-	-	170 (98–318)	-	-	11.9
Naidu et al. (2005)	NS	61	-	4.8	0.25	X	-	-	457	-	23	49	Over-couch system
Heyd et al. (1996)	NS	25	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-	0.4

^a–kSee footnotes to Table 1.

^lKerma-area product.