Table 1.
Demographic information about the participants and average number of utterances and obligatory contexts for finite verbs in the language samples.
| 3-year-olds | 6-year-olds | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | NH (N = 23) | HH (N = 60) | NH (N = 17) | HH (N = 40) | ||||
| M (SD) | % | M (SD) | % | M (SD) | % | M (SD) | % | |
| Average age (yrs) | 3.18 (0.26) | 3.16 (0.24) | 6.15 (0.26) | 6.12 (0.24) | ||||
| Degree of hearing loss | ||||||||
| Normal: 0–20 dB | 100 | 100 | ||||||
| Mild: 20–39 dB | 22 | 25 | ||||||
| Moderate: 40–59 dB | 60 | 55 | ||||||
| Moderate-severe: 60–79 dB | 18 | 20 | ||||||
| Audiological factors | ||||||||
| BE-PTA (dB HL) | 15.67 (6.08) | 48.57 (11.68) | 5.06 (3.02) | 46.09 (13.46) | ||||
| Aided SII | — | 76.80 (14.03) | — | 78.30 (14.54) | ||||
| Age (mos) aid fitted | — | 11.43 (10.54) | — | 34.28 (25.36) | ||||
| Language samples | ||||||||
| Number of utterances | 147.29 (57.11)a | 132.10 (55.12)c | 203.88 (45.07)e | 191.73 (49.86)g | ||||
| Number of obligatory contexts for FVM | 27.41 (19.40)b | 21.43 (16.16)d | 58.35 (20.93)f | 49.63 (23.47)h | ||||
| Language measures | ||||||||
| CASL Syntax | 93.75 (13.33) | 87.28 (13.51) | 107.11 (16.46) | 90.93 (23.25) | ||||
| Mother’s education | ||||||||
| High school | 23 | 23 | 6 | 21 | ||||
| Some college | 18 | 19 | 12 | 37 | ||||
| Complete college | 27 | 32 | 44 | 32 | ||||
| Post grad | 32 | 27 | 38 | 10 | ||||
Note.
Range = 55–273.
Range = 5–70.
Range = 52–360.
Range = 1–74.
Range = 103–273.
Range = 7–82.
Range = 99–361.
Range = 14–136.
CASL scores are standard scores for the age-appropriate subtests. Ranges are given for the measures related to FVM (use of contracted forms of be [am, is, are], third-person singular -s, and regular past tense -ed) in the language samples. HH = children who are hard of hearing; NH = children with normal hearing; BE-PTA = better-ear pure-tone average; aided SII = aided speech intelligibility index at 65 dB for the Carrot Passage (Cox & McDaniel, 1989); FVM = finite verb morphology; CASL = Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language.