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| Intrinsic risk factors | |
| Anatomic | Obesity |
| Pes planus (flat feet) | |
| Pes cavus (high-arched feet) | |
| Shortened Achilles tendon | |
| Biomechanic | Overpronation (inward roll) |
| Limited ankle dorsiflexion | |
| Weak intrinsic muscles of the foot | |
| Weak plantar flexor muscles | |
| Extrinsic risk factors | |
| Environmental | Poor biomechanics or alignment |
| Deconditioning | |
| Hard surface | |
| Walking barefoot | |
| Prolonged weight bearing | |
| Inadequate stretching | |
| Poor footwear | |
