Table 3.

Representative Small Molecules Enhancing Cardiac Differentiation, Graft Integration, and Heart Regeneration

Name	Structure	Molecular Function(s)	Ref.
AG1478		EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor	Zhang et al., 2011
Ascorbic acid		Multiple	Takahashi et al., 2003 Cao et al., 2012
BMS-189453		Pan-retinoic acid receptor antagonist	Zhang et al., 2011
Cardiogenol C		Unknown	Wu et al., 2004
Cinchona alkaloid derivative		Unknown	Berkessel et al., 2010
Diazoxide		ATP-sensitive activator K+ channel	Niagara et al., 2007
1-EBIO		Agonist of Ca2+-activated K+ channels	Kleger et al., 2010
Isoxazolyl-serine derivative		PPAR agonist	Wei et al., 2004
Isx1 (isoxazole)		Cardiac muscle gene activator. Neuronal reporter genes activator.	Russell et al., 2013
IWR-1-endo		Wnt inhibitor	Gonzalez et al., 2011
IWP-2		Wnt inhibitor	Lian et al., 2012
IWP-4		Wnt inhibitor	Lian et al., 2012
KY02111		Wnt inhibitor	Minami et al., 2012
Pinacidil		ATP-dependent K+ channel opener	Laflamme et al., 2007
Pioglitazone		PPAR-γ activator	Shinmura et al., 2011
Purmorphamine		Sonic Hedgehog signaling agonist	Gonzalez et al., 2011
RA		Natural ligand of RA receptors	Zhang et al., 2011
SB203580		p38 MAPK inhibitor	Graichen et al., 2008
Shz-1 (sulfonylhydrazone)		Activator of gene Nkx2.5	Sadek et al., 2008
Verapamil		L-type Ca2+ channel blocker	Sachinidis et al., 2006
ZVAD-fmk		Caspase inhibitor	Laflamme et al., 2007