Table 1.

Multiple mechanisms of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated regulation.

GR Isoform
Alternative Splicing
GRα and GRβ
Alternative Translational Initiation
GRα-A, GRα-B, GRα-C1, GRα-C2, GRα-C3, GRα-D1, GRα-D2, and GRα-D3
GRβ-A, GRβ-B, GRβ-C1, GRβ-C2, GRβ-C3, GRβ-D1, GRβ-D2, and GRβ-D3
Non-genomic effects:
Specific effects
Cytoplasmic GR
Membrane-bound GR
Non-specific effects
Not GR-mediated
Genomic effects:
Direct effects
Simple GREs
Negative GREs
Composite GREs
Indirect effects
Tethered GREs
Posttranslational Modifications:
Phosphorylation
Acetylation
Ubiquitination
SUMOylation