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Dynamic lung volumes during graded exercise in patients with heart failure (HF) and healthy control subjects. The dynamic lung volumes of patients with chronic HF were systematically lower during the graded exercise test compared with the control group. Data are presented as mean±SEM. EILV: end-inspiratory lung volume; EELV: end-expiratory lung volume; V′E: minute ventilation. *: p<0.05 compared with control group.
