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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Behav Immun. 2013 Dec 29;37:187–196. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.018

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Effect of TGFβ1 and involvement of TGFβ1-Smad3 pathway in NO and ROS production by microglia in aging. Microglia cultures were established 48h after mice were injected with vehicle (PBS) or LPS. Microglia were exposed to 1 μg/mL LPS or 1 μg/mL LPS + 2 ng/mL TGFβ for 96 h, with or without pre-treatment with 10 μM SIS3 for 1 h. NO and ROS production were determined after 96 h. Data correspond to the mean ± SEM of 5 independent experiments done in triplicate.*; Treatment vs. control, * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001; # P <0.05, compared with LPS treatment, and &, P <0.05, && P <0.01, comparing microglia obtained from mice injected or non-injected with LPS. ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc intra-group. &, Vehicle vs. LPS, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post test analysis revealed a significant effect of inflammatory preconditioning upon response to Nitrites and ROS production induced by LPS in 2 month old animals (P <0.05; F = 4; df= 1) Other p; F and df values are indicated in the result section).