Table 1.
Aneuploidy as an adaptive mechanism under different types of stress in yeast.
| Type of stress | Species | Aneuploidy and implicated genes |
Adaptive strategy | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Therapeutic drug: |
||||
| Fluconazole (FLC) |
C. albicans | i5: ERG11, TAC1 |
Resistance is acquired by up- regulation of ERG11, encodes FLC target and TAC1, encodes for a regulator of the drug efflux system. |
(Selmecki, et al., 2006, Coste, et al., 2007, Selmecki, et al., 2008) |
|
C neoformins |
Disomy I: ERG11, AFR1 |
Acquired resistance is attributed to up-regulation of ERG11, encodes drug target and AFR1, encodes major transporter of azoles. |
(Sionov, et al., 2010) | |
| Disomy IV: SEY1, GLO3, GCS3 |
Up-regulation of genes SEY1, GLO3, GCS3 encoding a GTPase, linked with morphology and integrity of endoplasmic reticulum, a site of sterol synthesis. |
(Ngamskulrungroj, et al., 2012) | ||
| C. glabrata | Chromosome M: CDR1 |
Elevated drug efflux by up- regulation of CDR1. |
(Polakova, et al., 2009) | |
|
Proteotoxic stress: |
||||
| Radicicol | S. cerevisiae | Disomy XV: STI1, PDR5 |
Resistance to radicicol is acquired by improved protein folding by up-regulation of the Hsp90 co-chaperone through increased expression of STI1. Over-expression of PDR5 improves drug efflux system. |
(Chen, et al., 2012) |
| DNA damage: | ||||
| 4-NQO | S. cerevisiae | Disomy XIII: ATR1 |
Improved drug efflux by up-regulation of ATR1 conferred resistance to 4-NQO. |
(Pavelka, et al., 2010) |
|
Genetic perturbations: |
||||
| MYO1 deletion | S. cerevisiae | Trisomy and tetrasomy XVI: RLM1, MKK2 |
RLM1 MKK2 mediated up- regulation of genes involved in cell wall biogenesis and bud neck constriction restoring cytokinesis. |
(Rancati, et al., 2008) |
| Deletion of RPS 24A and RNR1 on Chr. V |
S. cerevisiae | Disomy IX: RPS24B and RNR3 |
It is suggested that gain of chromosome IX might have been a result of a selection for growth advantage by increasing gene dosage of the paralog of the deleted gene. |
(Hughes, et al., 2000) |
|
Nutrient Limitations: |
||||
| Sulphate limitation | S. cerevisiae | Segmental gain of chromosome II: SUL1 |
Improved drug efflux by up- regulation of SulP anion transporter through elevated SUL1 level. |
(Gresham, et al., 2008) |
| Carbon source manipulation, l-sorbose/ d-arabinose |
C. albicans | Monosomy V: SOU1 |
Monosomy of chromosome 5 activates SOU1 expression enabling l-sorbose. |
(Rustchenko, et al., 1994, Janbon, et al., 1998) |
|
High temperature |
S. cerevisiae | Gain of chromosome III |
--- | (Yona, et al., 2012) |
| High pH | S. cerevisiae | Gain of chromosome V |
--- | (Yona, et al., 2012) |