Table 1.

Characteristics of the Study Population at Baseline (N = 544)

Characteristic	Value
Age, mean ± SD	74.4 ± 5.2
Race, n (%)
White	483 (88.8)
Nonwhite	61 (11.2)
Living arrangement before enrollment, n (%)
Alone	157 (29.1)
Other	383 (70.9)
Education, years, mean ± SD	12.0 ± 2.8
Current smoker, n (%)
Yes	447 (82.2)
No	97 (17.8)
Alcohol use, n (%)
Current	174 (32.0)
Past	109 (20.0)
Never	261 (48.0)
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score, mean ± SD*	3.9 ± 3.7
Activity of daily living score, mean ± SD†	6.9 ± 0.4
Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean ± SD	1.5 ± 1.4
Level of hypertension, n (%)
1 (normal, SBP < 120 mmHg and DBP < 80 mmHg)	78 (14.4)
2 (SBP 120–139 mmHg or DBP 80–89 mmHg)	302 (55.6)
3 (SBP 140–159 mmHg or DBP 90–99 mmHg)	133 (24.5)
4 (SBP ≥ 160 mmHg or DBP ≥ 100 mmHg)	30 (5.5)
Number of anticholinergic drugs used, n (%)‡
0	202 (37.1)
1	219 (40.3)
2	92 (16.9)
3	31 (5.6)
Total anticholinergic score across drugs, mean ± SD	1.3 ± 1.5
Number of antihypertensive drugs used, mean ± SD§	2.3 ± 1.2
Number of psychotropic drugs used, mean ± SD§	1.5 ± 1.3
Total number of non-anticholinergic drugs used, mean ± SD#	6.4 ± 3.1
Hopkins Verbal Recall Test score, mean ± SD∥	14.8 ± 4.5
Instrumental activity of daily living score, mean ± SD**	6.5 ± 1.0

Note: Participants with missing data were excluded from calculating the percentages and means.

^*Range 0–33; higher scores indicate greater symptomatic severity.

^†Range 0–7; higher scores indicate greater independence.

^‡Based on a clinician-rated anticholinergic score (range 0–3; higher score indicating greater anticholinergic potency) >0.

^§Drugs in these two groups may also have anticholinergic effects based on the clinician-rated anticholinergic score.

^#Included only the drugs that have a clinician-rated anticholinergic score of 0.

^∥Range 0–36; higher scores indicate better memory.

^**Range 0–7; higher scores indicate greater independence.

SD = standard deviation; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure.