Table 3.

Association Between Cumulative Anticholinergic Exposure and Memory and Executive Function in 544 Men with Hypertension

	Hopkins Verbal Recall Test	Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
Model	Effect Estimate* (95% Confidence Interval) P-Value
1†	0.30 (−0.02–0.61) .06	0.16 (0.11–0.25) <.001
2‡	0.42 (0.17–0.67) .001	0.15 (0.09–0.21) <.001
3§	0.36 (0.10–0.61) .007	0.12 (0.06–0.18) <.001
4∥	0.32 (0.05–0.58) .02	0.10 (0.04–0.17) .001

^*Effect estimate using a mixed-effects linear regression model representing expected decrement in the score of each outcome associated with 1-unit increase in the cumulative anticholinergic exposure per 3 months.

^†Included the cumulative anticholinergic exposure as a sole predictor.

^‡Adjusted the cumulative anticholinergic exposure for age, race, education, living arrangement before enrollment, follow-up year, and baseline value of the outcome.

^§Included all the variables in Model 2, plus Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale score (range 0–63), activity of daily living score (range 0–7), and tobacco and alcohol use at baseline.

^∥Included all variables in Model 3 plus Charlson Comorbidity Index and level of hypertension at baseline.