Table 2.

Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) of total and lethal prostate cancer in relation to lycopene intake in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–January, 2010) cohort

Prostate cancer and time period	Cumulative updated average of dietary lycopene intake, HR (95% CI)					P trend*
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5
Total prostate cancer	1209	1236	1144	1102	1037
Adjusted for age	1.00 (referent)	1.10 (1.00 to 1.20)	1.00 (0.95 to 1.10)	1.00 (0.94 to 1.10)	0.96 (0.88 to 1.00)	.07
Multivariable adjusted†	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (0.96 to 1.10)	0.97 (0.90 to 1.10)	0.97 (0.89 to 1.10)	0.93 (0.86 to 1.00)	.03
Multivariable adjusted‡	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (0.95 to 1.10)	0.96 (0.89 to 1.00)	0.96 (0.88 to 1.00)	0.91 (0.84 to 1.00)	.009
Lethal prostate cancer	184	136	118	128	92
Adjusted for age	1.00 (referent)	0.92 (0.74 to 1.10)	0.86 (0.68 to 1.10)	0.98 (0.78 to 1.20)	0.72 (0.56 to 0.92)	.02
Multivariable adjusted†	1.00 (referent)	0.91 (0.73 to 1.10)	0.85 (0.68 to 1.10)	1.00 (0.81 to 1.30)	0.75 (0.58 to 0.97)	.08
Multivariable adjusted‡	1.00 (referent)	0.90 (0.72 to 1.10)	0.84 (0.66 to 1.10)	0.99 (0.78 to 1.20)	0.72 (0.56 to 0.94)	.04
Pre–prostate-specific antigen era
Total prostate cancer	420	310	280	262	241
Adjusted for age	1.00 (referent)	0.92 (0.79 to 1.10)	0.92 (0.79 to 1.10)	0.93 (0.80 to 1.10)	0.85 (0.72 to 0.99)	.06
Multivariable adjusted†	1.00 (referent)	0.93 (0.80 to 1.10)	0.91 (0.78 to 1.10)	0.95 (0.81 to 1.10)	0.87 (0.74 to 1.00)	.10
Multivariable adjusted‡	1.00 (referent)	0.92 (0.79 to 1.10)	0.90 (0.77 to 1.00)	0.93 (0.80 to 1.10)	0.85 (0.72 to 1.00)	.07
Lethal prostate cancer	104	73	63	72	48
Adjusted for age	1.00 (referent)	0.93 (0.69 to 1.30)	0.86 (0.63 to 1.20)	1.10 (0.79 to 1.4)	0.71 (0.50 to 1.00)	.10
Multivariable adjusted†	1.00 (referent)	0.93 (0.69 to 1.30)	0.89 (0.65 to 1.20)	1.10 (0.84 to 1.5)	0.76 (0.54 to 1.10)	.30
Multivariable adjusted‡	1.00 (referent)	0.93 (0.68 to 1.30)	0.88 (0.64 to 1.20)	1.10 (0.81 to 1.5)	0.72 (0.51 to 1.00)	.20
Prostate-specific antigen era
Total prostate cancer	789	926	864	840	796
Adjusted for age	1.00 (referent)	1.20 (1.10 to 1.30)	1.10 (0.99 to 1.20)	1.10 (0.97 to 1.20)	1.00 (0.91 to 1.10)	.30
Multivariable adjusted†	1.00 (referent)	1.10 (0.99 to 1.20)	1.00 (0.91 to 1.10)	0.99 (0.89 to 1.10)	0.96 (0.87 to 1.10)	.09
Multivariable adjusted‡	1.00 (referent)	1.10 (0.98 to 1.20)	1.00 (0.90 to 1.10)	0.98 (0.89 to 1.10)	0.95 (0.86 to 1.10)	.05
Lethal prostate cancer	80	63	55	56	44
Adjusted for age	1.00 (referent)	0.90 (0.65 to 1.30)	0.85 (0.60 to 1.20)	0.89 (0.63 to 1.30)	0.72 (0.50 to 1.10)	.10
Multivariable adjusted†	1.00 (referent)	0.88 (0.63 to 1.20)	0.81 (0.57 to 1.10)	0.88 (0.62 to 1.20)	0.74 (0.50 to 1.10)	.10
Multivariable adjusted‡	1.00 (referent)	0.87 (0.62 to 1.20)	0.79 (0.56 to 1.10)	0.86 (0.61 to 1.20)	0.72 (0.49 to 1.10)	.10

* P values were calculated from two-sided χ² tests by modeling lycopene intake as a continuous variable using the median intake for each category.

† Hazard ratios adjusted for age (months), height (<66, 66.0–67.9, 68.0–69.9, 70.0–71.9, ≥72.0 inches), body mass index (<21.0, 21.0–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–27.4, 27.5–29.9, ≥30.0kg/m²), race (black, white, Asian, other), family history of prostate cancer (yes or no), vigorous activity (none, 0–3.4, 3.5–10.4, 10.5–28.4, ≥28.5 MET hours/week), smoking status (never; past and quit >10 years; past and quit ≤10 years; current; missing), and caloric intake (kcal/day, quintiles).

‡ Hazard ratios adjusted for age (months), height (<66, 66.0–67.9, 68.0–69.9, 70.0–71.9, ≥70.0 inches), body mass index (<21.0, 21.0–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25–27.4, 27.5–29.9, ≥30.0kg/m²), race (black, white, Asian, other), family history of prostate cancer (yes or no), vigorous activity (none, 0–3.4, 3.5–10.4, 10.5–28.4, ≥28.5 MET hours/week), smoking status (never; past and quit >10 years; past and quit ≤10 years; current; missing), and dietary intakes of calcium (500–749, 750–999, 1000–1499, 1500–1999, ≥2000mg/day), α-linolenic acid (g/day, quintiles), coffee (none, <1, 1–3, 4–5, ≥6 cups/day), and total calories (kcal/day, quintiles).