Table 5.
Tumor markers (angiogenesis, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation) by quintiles of dietary lycopene intake in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study cohort
| Tumor biomarkers | Overall | Dietary Lycopene intake (cumulative average, updated) | P trend* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |||
| All tumors | |||||||
| Angiogenesis–CD34 staining | 570 | 136 | 116 | 118 | 114 | 86 | |
| Vessel diameter†, µm, mean (SD) | 12.0 (2.5) | 11.2 (2.2) | 12.1 (2.4) | 12.2 (2.6) | 12.3 (3.0) | 12.3 (2.0) | .0007 |
| Vessel area†, µm2, mean (SD) | 121.4 (62.4) | 101.7 (48.3) | 124.5 (61.9) | 125.0 (59.7) | 133.0 (81.3) | 128.4 (50.7) | .0001 |
| Irregularity of vessel lumen‡, mean (SD) | 4.03 (1.1) | 4.3 (1.0) | 4.2 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.1) | 3.9 (1.2) | .0002 |
| Angiogenic score§, mean (SD) | 0 (0.95) | −0.32 (0.78) | 0.04 (0.91) | 0.07 (0.94) | 0.16 (1.21) | 0.12 (0.77) | .0007 |
| Apoptosis–TUNEL assay | 454 | 106 | 98 | 97 | 93 | 60 | |
| Percentage of stained area, mean (SD) | 2.2 (4.7) | 2.6 (5.3) | 1.9 (3.9) | 2.0 (4.1) | 1.5 (3.4) | 3.2 (1.0) | .70 |
| Cell proliferation–Ki-67 staining | 372 | 85 | 70 | 83 | 79 | 55 | |
| Number of positive nuclei, mean (SD) | 10.5 (32.4) | 7.9 (11.7) | 13.1 (40.1) | 10.3 (23.4) | 7.1 (8.2) | 16.6 (62.7) | .80 |
| Percentage of positive nuclei, mean (SD) | 0.75 (1.7) | 0.61 (0.98) | 0.73 (1.4) | 0.89 (2.0) | 0.58 (0.89) | 1.0 (2.8) | .90 |
| Cell differentiation–tumor grade | 1007 | 207 | 202 | 216 | 209 | 173 | |
| Gleason score, mean (SD) | 7.2 (0.93) | 7.2 (0.91) | 7.2 (0.95) | 7.3 (0.97) | 7.2 (0.93) | 7.1 (0.88) | .60 |
| Organ-confined tumors | |||||||
| Angiogenesis–CD34 staining | 360 | 82 | 73 | 75 | 71 | 59 | |
| Vessel diameter†, µm, mean (SD) | 12.2 (2.5) | 11.3 (2.0) | 12.2 (2.3) | 12.5 (2.8) | 12.9 (3.0) | 12.1 (1.8) | .01 |
| Vessel area†, µm2, mean (SD) | 125.7 (64.6) | 102.1 (42.6) | 126.1 (65.5) | 132.7 (63.7) | 147.4 (87.5) | 122.8 (46.1) | .002 |
| Irregularity of vessel lumen‡, mean (SD) | 4.0 (1.1) | 4.3 (1.0) | 4.2 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.0) | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.1) | .0001 |
| Angiogenic score§, mean (SD) | 0.07 (0.96) | −0.29 (0.70) | 0.07 (0.93) | 0.19 (1.0) | 0.39 (1.3) | 0.03 (0.7) | .007 |
* P trend was calculated using analysis of variance and was two-sided.
† Smaller vessels are more angiogenic.
‡ Irregular vessels are more angiogenic; a score of 1.0 indicates a perfect circle.
§ Lower angiogenic scores are more angiogenic.