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Introduction of a toxin activator (orange fused ring) can activate the TA complex in either a direct or indirect manner. Direct activation (left) can be achieved by either disruption of the TA complex (top) or prevention of complex formation (bottom). Indirect activation (right) may occur either by modulating the expression of the TA complex at the promoter (top) or by activating cellular proteases (bottom) responsible for antitoxin degradation.
