Table 1. Antimicrobial resistance rates of S. pneumonia.
| Antimicrobial agent | Resistance rate a : % | Mean resistance rate b | ||||||||||||
| study reference | [41] | [50] | [46] | [48] | [43] | [39] | NAMRU | IPC | SHCH | AHC | ||||
| study period | ′99–′00 | ′95–′04 | ′01–′02 | ′02–′03 | ′02–′04 | ′03–′04 | 07–′10 | 07–′10 | 07–′10 | 07–′11 | ||||
| n. of isolates | 30 | 64 | 53 | 200 | 57 | 12 | 16 | 84 | 4 | 26 | n | N | % | |
| penicillin G | ||||||||||||||
| intermediate resistance | 37.7 | 29.0 | 17.5 | 51.0 | 1/4 | 0.0 | 132 | / | 424 | 31.1 | ||||
| high level resistance | 34.4 | 26.4 | 31.0 | 35.1 | 4.0 | 1/4 | 19.0 | 123 | / | 488 | 25.2 | |||
| resistance (level not defined) | 13.3 | 16.6 | 0.0 | 6 | / | 58 | 58.0 | |||||||
| ampicillin | 1.6 | 11.0 | 10 | / | 148 | 6.9 | ||||||||
| amoxicillin | 6.0 | 5 | / | 84 | 6.0 | |||||||||
| amoxicillin-clavulanic acid | 0.0 | 14.0 | 8 | / | 257 | 3.1 | ||||||||
| cefuroxime | 47.5 | 47.4 | 122 | / | 257 | 47.5 | ||||||||
| ceftriaxone | 5.7 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 22 | / | 224 | 9.8 | |||||
| cephalothin | 0.0 | 0 | / | 64 | 0.0 | |||||||||
| cefotaxime | 24.5 | 10.0 | 57 | / | 284 | 20.2 | ||||||||
| chloramphenicol | 12.5 | 78.5 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 40.0 | 188 | / | 390 | 48.3 | |||||
| tetracycline | 26.6 | 81.0 | 33.0 | 58 | / | 164 | 35.2 | |||||||
| erythromycine | 20.6 | 100.0 | 55.5 | 47.0 | 47.0 | 1/4 | 32.0 | 233 | / | 447 | 52.1 | |||
| azithromycin | 49.5 | 99 | / | 200 | 49.5 | |||||||||
| vancomycin | 2.0 | 2 | / | 84 | 2.0 | |||||||||
| thrimetoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 51.6 | 100.0 | 76.5 | 62.0 | 92.0 | 3/4 | 329 | / | 421 | 78.2 | ||||
| ofloxacin | 37.5 | 75 | / | 200 | 37.5 | |||||||||
| levofloxacine | 1.0 | 0.0 | 2 | / | 216 | 0.9 | ||||||||
| lincomycin | 18.7 | 0.0 | 12 | / | 90 | 13.3 | ||||||||
| clindamycin | 32.0 | 31.0 | 69 | / | 216 | 31.9 | ||||||||
Notes:
Number of resistant strains/total number of strains in each study, expressed as %. Methods and breakpoints applied:
[41] Methods and breakpoints: not defined.
[50] Methods: disk diffusion and Etest (penicillin): breakpoint penicillin intermediate resistance MIC 0.12-1 µg/ml; resistance ≥2.0 µg/ml (NCCLS/CLSI 2002 M100 S12).
[46] Methods: agar dilution; breakpoint penicillin intermediate resistance MIC 0.12-1 µg/ml, resistance ≥2.0 µg/ml (NCCLS/CLSI 2001M7-A4).
[48] Methods: disk diffusion and Etest; breakpoints penicillin intermediate resistance: MIC 0.12-1 µg/ml, resistance ≥2 µg/ml (CLSI 2006 M100-S16).
[43] Methods: broth microdilution; breakpoints penicillin intermediate resistance: 0.12-1 µg/ml; resistance: MIC ≥2 µg/ml (CLSI).
[39] Method: disk diffusion; breakpoints according to NCCLS/CLSI (details not given).
NAMRU: Methods: disk diffusion and Etest; breakpoints (CLSI 2007).
IPC: Methods: disk diffusion and Etest; breakpoint penicillin intermediate resistance: MIC >0.06 mg/l, resistance >2 mg/l (Recommendations Société Française de Microbiologie (RSFM) 2007).
SH AHC: Methods: disk diffusion and Etests; breakpoints (CLSI 2011).
ACH: Methods: disk diffusion and Etest; breakpoints (CLSI 2012).
Sum of all resistant organisms/sum of all organisms tested.