Table 1.

CVD risk factors in World population (other than Asian Indians).

First author	Year	Area of study	Nature of study	Major findings
Gaziano TA4	2005	Sub Saharan, Africa	Epidemiological study	A global CVD epidemic is rapidly evolving, with the burden of disease shifting. Twice as many deaths due to CVD now occur in developing countries as in developed countries. The vast majority of CVD can be attributed to conventional risk factors.
McKeigue PM13	1991	London, UK.	Population survey	In comparison with the European group, the South Asian group had a higher prevalence of diabetes, higher blood pressures, higher fasting and post-glucose serum insulin concentrations, higher plasma triglyceride and lower HDL cholesterol concentrations. Mean waist-hip girth ratios and trunk skin folds were higher in the South Asian than in the European group.
Giardina EG26	2000	New York, USA	Population survey	Cardiovascular disease has claimed the lives of more females than males. Although women develop heart disease about 10 years later than men, they are likely to fare worse after a heart attack. Approximately 35% of heart attacks in women are believed to go unnoticed or unreported.
Ghaffar A34	2004	South Asia	Systematic review	The health burdens of non-communicable diseases are high in South Asia, though there are differences among countries and within urban and rural areas of each country.
Negus BH42	1994	Dallas, USA	Epidemiological study	Asymptomatic survivors of myocardial infarction who are 40 years of age or less rarely have left-main or 3-vessel coronary artery disease, and their long-term prognosis with conservative therapy is good. Routine catheterization in these patients is not warranted and should be reserved for those who manifest spontaneous or provocable post-infarction ischemia.
Mckeigue PM63	1985	London, UK	Population survey	Asian immigrants to England and Wales have high mortality from coronary heart disease. Compared with the British population, the Asians consumed less saturated (S) fat and cholesterol and more polyunsaturated(P) fat and vegetable fibre. The plasma total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol of Asian men was similar to that of a British comparison group; the concentrations in Asian women were much lower than in British women. Smoking rates were low in both Asian men and Asian women.
Bhatnagar D65	1995	West London, UK and Punjab, India	Community-based cross-sectional study	Subjects from the Indian subcontinent of Punjabi origin living in West London have higher coronary risk factors than the counterparts living in the Punjab in India.